EXCAVATIONS 


AND 


EMBANKMENTS 


LIBRARY 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

"Received 
Accessions  No.  «5"O7ro^.  Class  No. 


JAN    16    1893 


MR.  TRAUTWINE'S  ENGINEERING  WORKS. 


The  Field  Practice  of  Laying  out  Circular  Curves  for 
Railroads.  By  JOHN  C.  TRAUTWINE,  Civil  Engineer.  Thirteenth 
edition,  revised,  12mo.  morocco,  gilt  edge, $2  50 

A  Method  of  Calculating  the  Cubic  Contents  of  Exca- 
vations and  Embankments.  By  JOHN  C.  TRAUTWINE,  Civil 
Engineer.  10  copper  plates.  Ninth  edition,  revised  and  enlarged, 
8vo.  cloth, 2  00 

Civil  Engineer's  Pocket  Book  of  Mensuration,  Trigo- 
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JOHN   WILEY  &   SONS, 

SCIENTIFIC  PUBLISHERS, 

No.  15  ASTOR  PLACE,  NEW  YORK  CITY. 


A.  METHOD 


OF 


CALCULATING  THE  CUBIC  CONTENTS 


OF 


EXCAVATIONS  AND   EMBANKMENTS, 


BY  THE  AID  OF  DIAGRAMS. 


TOOETHEE    WITH 


DIRECTIONS   FOR   ESTIMATING   THE   COST  OF   EARTHWORK. 


BY 

JOHN  C.  TRAUTWINE, 

CIVIL    ENGINEER. 


NINTH  EDITION. 

REVISED   AND   ENLARGED 

BY  JOHN  C.  TRAUTWINE,  JIL,  C.  E. 

NEW  YORK: 

OHN  WILEY  #  SONS, 
15  ASTOR   PLACE. 

1887. 


V 


N* 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1871,  by 

JOHN  C.  TRAUTWINE, 
in  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress  at  Washington. 

Copyright  by 
JOHN  C.  TRAUTWINE,  JB., 

1887. 


PREFACE. 


rFHE  graphic  method  here  given  for  finding  the  depths  of  level 
cross  sections  equivalent  in  area  to  given  sections  with  sloping 
ground  surface,  originated  with  the  author  many  years  since,  and  was 
first  published  by  him  in  1851. 

The  diagrams  are  accompanied  by  tables  of  contents  of  level  cut- 
tings; and  directions  are  given  for  calculating  irregular  sections. 
The  tables  were  prepared  with  the  greatest  care ;  and  have  undergone 
so  thorough  a  revision  as  to  leave  scarcely  a  doubt  of  their  entire 
reliability.  The  remarks  on  the  measurement  of  earth-work  are 
supplemented  by  a  method  for  estimating  its  cost,  in  which  the  author 
follows  that  proposed  by  the  late  Ellwood  Morris,  C.  E.,  of  Phila- 
delphia, in  the  Journal  of  the  Franklin  Institute  in  1841. 

Remarks  on  the  operation  of  steam  excavators,  and  rules  for  estima- 
ting the  cost  of  moving  earth  by  wheeled  and  drag  scrapers  and  by 
locomotive  and  cars,  have  been  added.  They  are  taken  from  the 
later  editions  of  the  author's  "  Civil  Engineer's  Pocket-Book." 

A  new  method  of  constructing  tables  of  level  cuttings,  suggested 
by  Mr.  John  R.  Hudson,  C.  E.,  has  been  incorporated  in  the  present 
work  by  his  permission. 

J.  C.  T.,  JR. 

June,  1887. 


0?  TH1 

7BRSIT7 


METHOD 

OP 

CALCULATING  THE  CUBIC  CONTENTS 

OP 

EXCAVATIONS  AND  EMBANKMENTS. 


THERE  is  but  one  correct  principle  upon  which  to  calculate  the 
cubic  contents  of  excavations  and  embankments;  and  that  is,  the 
Prismoidal  Formula,  or  Rule ;  which  is  as  follows : 

Add  together  the  areas  of  the  two  parallel  ends  of  the  prismoid,  and 
four  times  the  area  of  a  section  half-way  between  and  parallel  to  them  ; 
and  multiply  the  sum  by  one-sixth  of  the  length  of  the  prismoid,  measured 
perpendicularly  to  its  two  parallel  ends. 

Since,  in  railroad  measurements,  the  prismoids  are  generally  100 
feet  long,  it  becomes  easier  in  practice  to  multiply  the  sum  of  the  areas 
in  square  feet,  by  100,  (by  merely  adding  two  ciphers,)  and  to  divide 
the  product  by  6 ;  which  amounts  to  the  same  thing  as  multiplying 
their  sum  by  £th  of  100  feet. 

The  very  extended  application  of  the  prismoidal  formula  to  other 
solids  than  such  as  are  commonly  understood  by  the  term  "  prismoids," 
was  first  shown  by  Mr.  Ellwood  Morris,  Civil  Engineer,  in  a  paper 
published  in  the  Journal  of  the  Franklin  Institute,  in  1840. 

It  embraces  all  parallelepipeds,  pyramids,  prisms,  cylinders,  cones, 
wedges,  &c.,  whether  regular  or  irregular,  right  or  oblique ;  together 
with  their  frustums,  when  cut  by  planes  parallel  to  their  bases ;  in  a 
word,  any  solid  whatever,  which  has  two  parallel  ends,  connected  together 
by  longitudinally  unwarped  surfaces,  whether  plane  or  curved.  It  also 
applies  to  spheres,  hemispheres,  spheroids,  paraboloids,  &c. 

6 


In  the  cylinder  and  cone,  the  sides  may  be  considered  as  consisting 
of  an  infinite  number  of  infinitely  narrow  planes,  unwarped  longi- 
tudinally. In  railroad  cuttings,  it  rarely  happens  that  the  surface 
planes  lying  between  two  consecutive  cross  sections,  100  feet  apart, 
are  absolutely  unwarped ;  yet,  for  practical  purposes,  they  may  very 
frequently  be  assumed  to  be  so.  When  much  warped,  the  cross  sec- 
tions must  be  taken  closer  together  than  100  feet.  Upon  a  strict 
attention  to  this  precaution  depends  the  accuracy  of  earthwork  measure- 
ments; the  entire  principle  of  which  is  embraced  in  the  foregoing  re- 
marks. No  practicable  method  is  perfectly  accurate.  All  we  can  do 
in  actual  practice  is,  to  take  our  stations  at  distances  so  near  together 
that  the  intermediate  solid  shall  be  very  nearly  a  prismoid,  and  then 
calculate  it  as  if  a  true  prismoid. 

There  are  generally  two  circumstances  under  which  it  is  necessary 
to  compute  the  cubic  contents  on  a  public  work  ;  viz. :  first,  after  a  pre- 
liminary survey  of  one  or  more  trial  lines;  for  the  purpose  of  deter- 
mining approximately  their  actual,  or  comparative  costs ;  and,  second, 
after  the  final  adoption  and  staking  out  of  the  determined  route,  in 
order  to  know  more  precisely  the  amount  of  work  to  be  done. 

The  measurements  for  the  latter  are  performed  with  more  care,  and 
attention  to  detail,  than  those  of  the  former,  inasmuch  as  upon  them 
depend  the  payments  to  be  made  to  the  person  who  executes  the  work. 
They,  moreover,  involve  considerations  which  <3annot  be  attended  to 
during  a  preliminary  survey,  without  incurring  an  expenditure  of 
time  and  labor,  more  than  commensurate  with  the  importance  of  the 
result. 

When  the  ground  is  level  transversely  of  the  line  of  survey,  there 
is  no  difficulty  whatever  in  ascertaining  the  contents  from  a  table  of 
level-cutting Sj  previously  calculated  ;  but  when  it  is  inclined  or  irregu- 
lar transversely,  more  or  less  calculation  is  required. 

The  following  method  by  diagrams  will  we  trust,  be  found  to  facili- 
tate the  operations  in  the  last-named  cases.  It  dispenses  with  a  great 
deal  of  calculation ;  and  is,  therefore,  comparatively  free  from  liability 
to  errors  arising  from  that  source. 


METHOD  OF  USING  THE  DIAGRAMS. 

The  construction  of  the  diagrams  is  extremely  simple,  notwith- 
standing that,  at  first  sight,  they  appear  somewhat  complex.  They 
are  but  few  in  number,  since  any  particular  road  will  generally  require 
but  three  or  four,  which  may  be  prepared  by  one  person  in  a  few 
days.  Before  proceeding  to  explain  the  manner  of  drawing  them, 
we  will  give  one  or  two  examples  of  their  use,  that  the  reader  may 
*<ee  the  object  aimed  at,  and  to  what  extent  it  is  attained. 


Example  1.  Suppose  that  with  a  roadway  28  feet  wide,  and  with  side- 
slopes  of  1J  to  1,  the  cutting  at  a  certain  station  is  20  feet  deep  on 
centre  line;  and  that  the  ground,  instead  of  being  level  transversely, 
inclines  at  an  angle  of  15°  with  the  horizon. 

Turn  to  the  diagram,  Plate  IX.,  for  a  roadway  28  feet  wide,  with  side- 
slopes  of  1 J  to  1 :  place  a  finger  on  the  centre  line,  at  the  height  of 
20  feet,  and  run  it  along  up  the  curved  line  which  commences  at  that 
point,  until  it  strikes  the  inclined  line  marked  15°.  It. will  be  seen 
at  once  that  the  two  coincide  at  the  height  of  22*8  feet :  and  this  is 
the  depth  of  the  equivalent  level  cutting,  which  would  have  precisely  the 
same  area  as  the  section  under  consideration. 

All  such  cases  may  therefore  be  instantly,  and  without  any  calcu- 
lation whatever,  reduced  to  others  of  equivalent  level  cuttings. 

This  constitutes  the  main  feature  of  the  principle  involved  in  the 
diagrams. 

Had  the  depth  been  20*3,  or  other  decimal  of  a  foot,  the  proceed- 
ing would  have  been  the  same  as  with  the  20  feet ;  and  the  equivalent 
level  cutting  would  be  found  on  the  inclined  line  15°,  at  the  distance 
of  *3  of  a  foot  (estimated  by  eye)  above  the  curved  line  20. 

Example  2.  Using  the  same  diagram ;  let  the  depth  of  cutting  be 
2  feet,  and  the  transverse  slope  of  the  ground  20°.  Here,  placing  a 
finger  on  the  centre  line,  at  the  height  of  2  feet,  and  running  it  along 
the  curved  line  commencing  at  that  point,  it  will  be  found  that  before 
reaching  the  inclined  line  of  20°,  it  encounters  the  dotted  curved  line 
drawn  near  the  bottom  of  the  diagram.  When  this  occurs,  we  know 
that  the  ground-slope  cuts  the  roadway,  forming  a  cross  section  partly 
in  excavation  and  partly  in  embankment,  as  in  fig.  9. 

This  is  a  most  useful  check ;  for  in  such  cases,  the  contents  cannot 
be  obtained  by  means  of  the  diagram*;  but  recourse  must  be  had  to  a 
figure  of  the  section  drawn  for  the  purpose ;  as  must  also  be  the  case 
when  the  ground  is  irregular  transversely.  A  simple  method  of 
proceeding,  in  all  such  cases,  will  be  given  further  on. 

On  the  page  opposite  each  diagram,  is  a  table  of  cubic  yards  for  level 
cuttings,  and  for  lengths  of  100  feet.  By  means  of  these  tables,  the 
cubic  contents  may  at  once  be  taken  out,  when  the  equivalent  level 
cuttings  at  both  ends  of  a  station  are  equal,  and  the  ground-slope 
between  them  uniform  :  but  if  the  equivalent  level  cuttings  at  the  two 
ends  of  the  station  are  unequal,  then  the  prismoidal  rule  must  be 
applied;  thus, 

Suppose  the  equivalent  level  cutting  at  one  end  to  be  20  feet,  and 
at  the  other  25  feet,  and  the  intervening  ground-slope  uniform.  Then 
the  equivalent  level  cutting  at  a  point  half-way  between  them  would 

•The  equivalent  centre  height  given  by  the  diagram  in  such  cases  is  that  of  a  level  cutting  whose 
area  of  cross  section  is  equal  to  the  difference  between  that  of  the  embankment  a  e  o  a,  fig.  9,  and  that 
of  the  excavation  a  d  b  a. 


8 

f»e  22  J  feet.  Therefore,  the  cubic  content  will  be  equal  to  one-sixth 
of  the  8um  of  those  corresponding  to  each  of  the  two  end  depth* 
and  of  four  times  that  of  the  centre  depth ;  that  is, 

Cubic  content  by  table  9,  for  20  feet  depth,  =  4296  cubic  yards, 

"          "  "  "    25  "       =  6065     "         " 

Four  times  «  "    22J )        „       _  _  4     „ 

or  4  times  5146    / 

6)30945 
Cubic  yards  contained  in  the  station,  =     5157*5 

These  tables  are  carried  to  depths  or  heights  of  60  feet ;  but  in  the 
subsequent  table  No.  15,  they  are  extended  to  170  feet.  As  these 
extended  quantities  will  be  but  seldom  referred  to,  they  are  calculated 
only  to  whole  feet ;  but  the  amount  corresponding  to  any  fraction  of 
a  foot  may  be  found  with  sufficient  accuracy  for  practice,  by  simple 
proportion. 

It  will  be  perceived  that,  instead  of  the  areas  corresponding  to  the 
different  depths  of  cutting,  or  heights  of  filling,  our  tables  give  the 
cubic  yards  corresponding  to  those  areas,  for  lengths  of  100  feet.  For 
the  purposes  of  calculating  cubic  contents,  these  solidities  may  evi- 
dently be  used  instead  of  the  areas.  Table  17  gives  the  cubic  yards 
in  a  prism  1 00  feet  long  and  of  any  given  area  of  cross  section  from 
1  square  foot  to  1000  square  feet.  Its  use  will  be  shown  further  on. 

For  rough  preliminary  estimates  of  trial  lines,  the  labor  may  be 
much  reduced  by  taking  from  the  tables,  the  cubic  content  correspond- 
ing to  the  average  of  the  equivalent  level  cuttings  at  the  two  ends. 
This  mode  is  not  mathematically  correct,  and  should  never  be  resorted 
to  for  final  estimates ;  but  it  will  be  sufficiently  approximate  (always 
a  little  deficient)  for  such  cases  as  occur  in  ordinary  cuttings  and  fill- 
ings ;  even  if  the  depths  or  ground  slopes  at  one  end  differ  from  those 
at  the  other,  provided  the  depths  do  not  differ  more  than  about  5  feet, 
nor  the  ground  slopes  more  than  about  5°,  and  provided  said  slopes 
are  in  the  same  direction. 

For  instance,  in  the  foregoing  example,  the  correct  contents  of  the 
station  20  feet  deep  at  one  end,  and  25  feet  at  the  other,  with  the  same 
ground  slope  at  each  end,  were  found  to  be  5157*5  cubic  yards;  while, 
by  this  approximating  mode,  the  contents  of  an  average  level  depth  of 
22  J  feet,  would  be  5146  cubic  yards ;  or  but  11 J  yards  less  than  the  truth. 

Or,  for  true  prismoids,  (or  even  otherwise  within  the  above  limits 
of  no  greater  differences  than  5  feet  in  depth  and  5°  in  slope  at  the 
two  ends  of  a  100  feet  station,  the  slopes  being  in  the  same  direction),  we 
may  add  together  the  tabular  contents  corresponding  to  the  two  equi- 
valent level  depths  at  the  ends  of  the  station,  and  divide  their  sum 
by  2.  The  content  thus  found  will  not  be  as  approximate,  however, 
as  that  by  the  first  method ;  but  will  be  too  great  by  precisely  twice 


9 


the  quantity  that  the  other  is  too  small.     Thus,  in  the  foregoing 
example,  we  should  have  for  a  true  prismoid, 

Depth.  Cubic  yards. 

20  4296 

25  6065 

2)10361 

5180  cubic  yards  =  approx.  content, 

or  23  yards  in  excess  of  the  true  content,  5157J  yards ;  or  twice  the 
deficiency  (11J  yards)  of  the  preceding  method. 

These  examples  merely  show  that  in  railroad  work,  and  within 
limits  of  frequent  occurrence,  we  may  calculate  the  content  of  a  true 
prismoid  by  either  of  these  approximate  modes,  with  sufficient  accu- 
racy for  rough  preliminary,  or  comparative  estimates.  We  have  in 
neither  instance  given  the  actual  content  of  a  solid  whose  transverse 
slopes  differ  at  its  two  ends.  Said  content  would  be  farther  from  the 
truth  than  in  our  examples ;  where,  by  the  first  method,  the  error  is 
but  1  yard  in  about  450 ;  and  in  the  second,  1  in  about  225 ;  whereas 
the  average  of  a  number  of  stations  in  which  the  slopes  at  the  two 
ends  differ  on  an  average  2J°,  and  in  no  case  more  than  5°,  would 
probably  be  in  error  by  about  1  yard  in  100  too  little,  by  the  first 
method ;  and  1  yard  in  50  too  much,  by  the  second. 

For  final  estimates,  however,  we  should  make  our  stations  so  short 
that  the  ground  surface  of  the  included  solid  may  be  considered 
unwarped  longitudinally,  and  then  use  the  prismoidal  rule. 

PRINCIPLE  ON  WHICH  THE  METHOD  IS  BASED, 
To  find  the  side*  of  a  triangle  of  which  only  the  area  and  the  angles  are  given. 

RULE. — In  any  plane  triangle,  as  the  product  of  the  sines  of  any  two 
of  the  angles,  is  to  the  sine  of  the  remain- 
ing angle,  so  is  twice  the  area  of  the 
triangle,  to  the  square  of  the  side  lying 
between  the  two  angles  first  taken. 

Demonstration. — Let  a  d  e  be  a  triangle, 
in  which  we  have  given,  its  area,  and  its 
three  angles :  it  is  required  to  find  any  side, 
as  ae. 


By  trigonometry  we  have  the  two  follow- 
ing proportions : — 
Radius  (1)  ::  dc  :  ad;  also 

Sine  of  d 
the  angle  opp.  a  e 


ad 


ae. 


Sine  of  a 

Sine  of  e 

the  angle  opp.  a  d 

By  multiplication  of  these  two  proportions,  we  have — 
Sine  of  a  X  Sine  of  e   :   Sine  of  d   : :   d c  X  a  d  :  a  e  X  a  d;  or, 

2 


Fig.  2. 


10 

leaving  out  the  factor  a  dt  common  to  the  last  two  terms,  Sine  of  a  X  Sine 
of  e  i  Sine  of  d  : :  d  c  :  a  e. 

But,  as  dc  :  ae  ::  dc  X  ae  :  ae2. 

Again,  dcXa  e  =  twice  the  area  of  the  triangle  a  de. 

Hence  we  have :  Sine  of  a  X  Sine  of  e  :  Sine  of  d  : :  2  area  :  a  e2. 
Q.  E.  D.,  and  the  square  root  of  ae2=ae,  the  required  side. 

Now,  let  n  m  c  b,  fig.  2,  be  the  level  cutting  equivalent,  or  equal, to  the 
side-hill  cutting  nmed.     From  the 
point  of  intersection  at  z,  draw  i  a. 

Then,  if  tu  represent  any  other 
side-hill  cutting  parallel  to  d  e,  we 
have  only  to  draw  the  horizontal  line 
x  w,  through  s,  in  order  to  obtain  the 
equivalent  level  cutting  nmw  x* 

The  point  required  is  to  find  / 1, 
the  distance  to  be  laid  off  on  the  hori- 
zontal line/c,  in  order  to  draw  i  a. 

To  do  this,  draw  a  sketch  as  b  c 
m  n,  fig.  2,  either  by  scale  or  not, 
showing  a  level  cutting  (or  filling, 
as  the  case  may  be)  of  any  center 
depth  fo  at  pleasure,  say  10,  20,  or 
30,  &c.,  feet.  To  this  sketch  add  the 
triangle  m  n  a.  Calculate  the  area  of  b  c  m  n ;  also  the  height  (a  o) 
and  the  area  of  the  triangle  m  n  a.  Then  on  the  sketch  draw  a  line 
d  e,  representing  that  ground-slope  (5°,  or  10°,  &c.)  for  which  the 
distance  fi  is  being  sought;  and  crossing  the  center-line /o,  as  at  r. 

Then  assume  that  the  area  d  e  m  n  is  equal  to  the  known  area  of 
the  level  cutting  bcmn;  and  that  consequently  the  area  of  the  tri- 
angle d  e  a  is  equal  to  the  known  area  of  the  triangle  be  a. 

Next,  from  this  area  of  the  triangle  d  e  a,  find  its  side  a  e,  as  per 
rule  on  page  9,  thus : 


ae  :  r  a. 


Then  find  r  a,  thus  : 

Sine  of  e  r  a  .  Sine  of  e 

opp.  given  side  a  e.    •  opp.  req'd.  side  r  a. 

Then  fa — ra=rf. 

Also,  the  angle  e  i  c,  representing  the  ground  slope,  is  equal  to  the 
angle  fir;  and  considering /£  as  a  radius,  and  r/as  a  tangent  to  the 
angle  fi  r,  we  have — 

Tang,  of  fi  r,  (or  ground  slope,)  :  Rad,  or  1  : :  rf  :  fi. 

Then  as  af  :  fi  : :  1  i  fi  when  af  is  assumed  as  unity,  in  pre- 
paring a  working  diagram,  and  as  in  the  next  table. 

To  save  the  trouble  of  calculating  these  distances  /  i,  we  have 
extended  the  table,  p.  11,  to  all  side-slopes  likely  to  occur  in  practice. 

*  The  demonstration  of  this,  on  the  principle  of  similar  triangles,  is  so  simple  as  not  to  require  insertion. 


11 


METHOD  OP  PREPARING  THE  DIAGRAMS. 

We  will  now  proceed  to  describe  the  mode  of  preparing  the  dia- 
grams, for  any  width  of  roadway,  and  for  any  side-slope  whatever. 

Draw  a  vertical  line  a  6,  fig.  3,  of  any  given  length  at  pleasure.  (One 


foot  decimally  divided;  or  12J  inches, 
divided  into  ^ths  of  an  inch,  or  10 
inches  divided  into  y^ths  of  an  inch, 
will  generally  be  found  convenient.) 

Call  the  length  of  this  line  unity,  or 
1.  It  represents  the  usual  centre-line 
of  levels,  or  of  cuttings  and  fillings. 

From  the  upper  end  of  this  line  draw 
b  c,  at  right  angles  to  it;  and  from  b 
towards  c,  lay  off  and  number  the  dis- 
tances 65°,  610°,  615°,  &c.,  contained 
in  the  following  table;  using  as  a  scale 
the  length  a  6,  as  1  or  unity,  divided 
into  tenths  and  hundredths. 
For  example;  if  the  side-slopes  h  e,  gf>  of  the  excavation  or  embank- 
ment, are  J  to  1,  lay  off  (without  any  regard  to  the  width  of  roadway,) 
the  distances  in  the  upper  line  of  the  table;  if  1  to  1,  those  in  the  3d 
line,  &c.    This  done,  the  scale  of  a  b,  as  unity,  will  be  of  no  further  use. 
Distances  on  b  c,  intermediate  of  those  in  the  table,  may  be  inserted 
with  sufficient  accuracy  by  eye. 

Table  of  Distances  f  i,  Fig.  2  ;  or  b  5°,  fe  10°,  <fec.,  Fig.  3,  to  be  laid  off  on  the  Horizontal  Line 
b  c,  Fig.  3;  the  Center-  Line  a  b,  Fig.  3,  being  assumed  as  Unity,  or  1. 


Side  Slopes. 

10° 

20° 

25° 

30° 

35° 

40° 

45° 

50° 

55° 

60° 

65° 

70° 

^  to  1, 
or  75°  58' 

•005 

•Oil 

•014 

•017 

•022 

•026 

•032 

•038 

•046 

•057 

•073 

•099 

Side  Slopes. 

5° 

10° 

15° 

20° 

25° 

30° 

35° 

40° 

45° 

50° 

53° 

55° 

I  to  1, 

or  63°  26' 

•Oil 

•022 

•034 

•046 

•058 

•072 

•090 

•110 

•132 

•165 

•189 

•211 

Side  Slopes. 

5° 

10° 

15° 

18° 

20° 

23° 

25"° 

28° 

30° 

33° 

36° 

39° 

to  l, 
or  45° 

•044 

•089 

•136 

•167 

•188 

•222 

•247 

•288 

•318 

•369 

•431 

•510 

Side  Slopes. 
Htn  1 

5° 

10° 

13° 

15° 

18° 

20° 

23° 

25° 

28° 

30° 

32° 

34° 

or  39°  40' 

•068 

•138 

•184 

•214 

•264 

•300 

•358 

•401 

•476 

•530 

•600 

•685 

Side  Slopes. 

5° 

8° 

10° 

13° 

15° 

18° 

20° 

22° 

24° 

26° 

27° 

28° 

1^  to  1, 
or  33°  42' 

•097 

•158 

•201 

•267 

•314 

•390 

•445 

•506 

•574 

•652 

•696 

•747j 

Side  Slopes. 
2  to  1 

3° 

5° 

8° 

10° 

12° 

14° 

16° 

18° 

19° 

20° 

21° 

22° 

or  26°  34' 

•106 

•175 

•295 

•363 

•447 

•533 

•629 

•739 

•798 

•865 

•936 

1-017 

Side  Slopes, 
gl  to  1 

2° 

4° 

6° 

8° 

10° 

12° 

14° 

16° 

or  21°  48' 

•112 

•226 

•340 

•454 

•582 

•719 

•875 

1-056 

Side  Slopes. 
3  to  1 

2° 

4° 

6° 

8° 

10° 

12° 

14° 

or  18°  26' 

•160 

•322 

•486 

•660 

•858 

1-080 

1-349 

12 

From  the  points  5°,  10°,  15°,  &c.,  on  the  line  b  c,  (and  from  the 
subdivisions  of  single  degrees  between  them,  as  shown  in  the  working 
diagrams?)  draw  lines  to  a.  From  a  upwards,  set  off,  by  any  scale  at 
pleasure,  (about  Jth  inch  to  a  foot  will  be  found  convenient,)  the  dis- 
tance a  o,  which  is  the  height  of  the  triangle  efa,  formed  by  the 
prolongation  of  the  side-slopes  gf,  and  h  e  to  a;  ef  representing 
the  width  of  the  roadway,  whatever  it  may  be,  on  the  same  scale. 

It  is  not  necessary  actually  to  draw  h  a,  g  a  and  e/,  as  we  may  set  off 
a  o,  by  recollecting  that  if  the  side-slopes  are 

£  to  1,  then  a  o  will  be  4  times  o/  (the  half  width  of  roadway.) 
|  to  1,         "  "        twice  of. 

1  tol,         "  "        equal  too/ 
IJtol,         "  "        -8ofo/ 
Utol,         "  "         §ofo/ 

2  tol,         "  "         Jofo/. 
2Jtol,         "  "        '4  of  of. 
3"  tol,         " 


Beginning  at  o,  divide  the  vertical  or  centre  line  o  6,  by  the  same  scale 
into  feet;  numbering  them  1,  2,  3,  &c.,  from  o  upwards;  and  from  the 
points  of  division  1,  2,  3,  &c.,  draw  horizontal  lines  parallel  to  6  c,  as 
shown  in  fig.  3 

From  o  as  a  centre,  lay  off  with  a  protractor,  the  several  angles  of  trans- 
verse ground-slope  as  shown  by  the  arc  in  fig.  3.  Angles  higher  than 
20°  will  seldom  be  required. 

In  fig.  3,  the  inclined  lines,  and  also  the  angles  on  the  arc,  are,  for 
convenience,  numbered  only  for  every  5°  ;  but  in  a  working  diagram 
they  should  be  taken  nearer  together,  for  instance,  every  2°  to  3°. 

Lay  a  parallel  ruler  from  o  to  5°  on  the  arc,  and  mark  with  a  dot  the 
point  of  intersection  on  the  inclined  line  a  5°;  then  keeping  the  ruler  in 
the  same  position,  move  it  upwards  along  o  o,  stopping  at  every  division 
of  1  foot,  and  making  corresponding  dots  on  the  inclined  line  a  5°,  as  in 
fig.  3,  continuing  to  such  a  height  on  the  centre  line  as  will  include  the 
greatest  cutting  or  filling  to  be  calculated  by  the  diagram. 

Then  lay  the  parallel  ruler  from  o  to  10°  on  the  arc,  and  mark  with  a 
dot,  the  point  of  intersection  on  the  inclined  line  a  10°;  then  keeping 
the  ruler  in  the  same  position,  move  it  upwards  along  o  o,  stopping  at 
every  division  of  1  foot,  making  corresponding  dots  on  the  inclined  line 
a  10°. 

Then  lay  the  parallel  ruler  from  o  to  15°  on  the  arc,  and  proceeding 
as  before,  make  corresponding  dots  on  the  inclined  line  a  15°,  and  so  on 
up  to  as  high  an  angle  as  will  equal  the  greatest  transverse  slope  of  the 
ground  which  occurs  on  the  work  to  be  calculated  by  means  of  the  dia- 
grams. 

Finally,  connect  the  corresponding  dots  on  the  several  inclined  lines, 
forming  thereby  a  series  of  curved  guide-lines,  as  in  fig.  3  and  in  our 
working  diagrams.  The  diagram  is  now  ready  for  use,  for  all  cases  of 


13 

ground-slope  which  do  not  intersect  the  roadway,  thereby  forming 
a  section  partly  in  excavation,  and  partly  in  embankment,  as  shown 
in  fig.  9. 

In  order  that  the  diagram  itself  may  inform  us  when  this  is  the  case, 
the  dotted  curve  shown  near  the  bottom  of  the  working  diagrams  is 
added.  It  is  prepared  as  follows : 


From  e  or  from  /,  fig.  4,  where  the  side  slope  h  e  or  g  f  intersects 
the  roadway  e/,  lay  off*,  toward  the  centre  line  a  b  and  above  ef,  the 
same  angles  (5°,  10°,  15°,  etc.)  of  transverse  ground  slope  as  were  laid 
off*  from  o  in  fig.  3;  draw  the  lines  e  q,  ej,  e  k,  etc.,  and  mark  the 
points  q,  j,  &,  etc.,  where  they  intersect  the  centre  line  a  6.  Now,  if  a 
cutting  of  5°  transverse  ground  slope  has  a  less  centre  depth  than  o  q, 
its  ground  slope  (parallel  to  and  below  e  q)  must  evidently  intersect 
the  roadway  ef;  as  will  also  one  of  10°  ground  slop>e  with  a  less 
centre  depth  than  ej;  and  so  on.  Hence  the  radial  line  a  5°  must 
not  be  used  for  a  cutting  of  less  centre  depth  than  o  q;  nor  a  10°  for 
one  of  less  centre  depth  than  oj.  We  therefore  mark  radial  line  a  5° 
at  the  point  q',  where  it  would  be  cut  by  a  curved  guide-line  q  c  start- 
ing from  q;  radial  line  a  10°  atj',  where  it  would  be  cut  by  a  curve 
j  d  starting  fromj;  and  so  on.  Join  the  marks  q',jf>  &',  etc.,  so  made, 
thus  forming  the  cautionary  curve  o,  q',f,  &',  lf,  etc. ;  and  the  diagram 
is  finished.. 

The  working  drawings  which  we  have  given,  are  on  a  very  small 
scale,  for  convenience  of  insertion  in  this  volume;  yet,  although 
the  curved  lines  are  drawn  straight  across  several  divisions  of  the 
inclined  lines,  (generally  five  of  them,)  they  will  rarely  be  found,  in 
operating  with  them,  to  differ  as  much  as  ^th  of  a  foot  from  the  truth 
in  the  depth  of  the  equivalent  level  cutting. 

They  are  adapted  to  single  and  double  track  embankments,  14  and 
24  feet  wide  on  top,  and  with  side-slopes  of  1 J  to  1 ;  and  to  single  and 


14 

double  track  excavations,  18  and  28  feet  wide  at  bottom,  with  side- 
slopes  from  1  to  1,  up  to  2  to  1 ;  gauge  4  feet  8  £  inches. 

The  widths  for  4  feet  8J  inches  gauge  will  rarely  differ  more  than 
about  2  feet  from  those  for  which  the  diagrams  have  been  prepared. 
The  most  mistaken  economist  would  hardly  venture  to  make  them 
more  than  2  feet  less ;  nor  do  we  conceive  that  any  great  advantage 
would  attend  making  them  more  than  about  2  feet  greater,  for  a  gauge 
of  4  feet  8  J  inches,  with  cars  of  the  usual  9  J  feet  extreme  width,  from 
out  to  out  of  cornice. 

With  cars  of  11  feet  extreme  width,  embankments  should  not  be 
less  than  15  and  27  feet  wide;  nor  cuts  less  than  19  and  31  feet.  We 
consider  all  the  foregoing  widths  of  embankment  sufficient,  but  would 
recommend  an  addition  of  2  or  3  feet  to  all  the  cuts,  except  when  in 
rock,  to  allow  for  wider  and  deeper  side-ditches  than  are  usually  made. 

No  diagrams  accompany  the  tables  of  level  cuttings  for  side-slopes 
steeper  than  1  to  1.  With  very  steep  side-slopes,  such  as  J  to  1,  which 
is  used  only  for  rock,  the  traverse  inclination  of  the  ground  rarely 
affects  the  quantity  of  material  to  an  important  extent.  Still,  on  every 
work  on  which  much  rock-cutting  occurs,  a  diagram  should  be  pre- 
pared for  the  purpose. 

The  diagrams  and  tables  given  in  this  volume  may  be  used  for  any 
greater  or  less  widths  of  roadbed  than  those  to  which  they  are  especially 
adapted.  In  other  words,  it  is  not  at  all  necessary  to  prepare  new 
ones  for  every  width  of  roadway. 

Suppose,  for  instance,  we  wish  to  use  diagram,  Plate  1,  for  an 
embankment,  m  n  h  q,  fig.  4J,  having  side- 
slopes  of  1J  to  1,  as  in  the  diagram;  but  m    . 
with  a  roadbed  m  n  16  feet  in  width,  instead          .s~ 

of  e/(14  feet),  for  which  latter  width  the  h    

diagram  was  prepared. 

Find  the  vertical  distance  a  «,  between  the  14  feet  roadbed  ef,  and 
the  16  feet  one  m  n,  and  add  it  mentally  to  each  height  o  s,  of  the  level 
section  m  n  h  q,  as  found  by  the  diagram  when  taking  out  from  the 
table  the  number  of  cubic  yards.  By  this  means  obtain  the  contents 
of  the  embankment  efhq.  Next,  from  these  contents  so  obtained 
for  the  entire  length  of  the  embankment,  subtract  that  corresponding 
to  the  depth  a  s,  taken  from  the  same  table  and  multiplied  by  the 
number  of  stations  of  100  feet  comprised  in  the  length  of  the  embank- 
ment, or  excavation,  as  the  case  may  be.  As  m  n  in  this  instance  is 
16  feet,  and  ef  14  feet,  it  follows  that  r  m  is  lg^4— 1  ft.;  and  (the 
slope  being  1}  horizontal  to  1  vertical)  a  s  (=e  r)  is  ^^='6667  ft.  In 
such  cases  use  mentally  the  nearest  decimal  of  a  foot  in  working  with 
the  tables,  inasmuch  as  they  are  calculated  only  for  single  decimals  of 
a  foot.  Thus,  in  this  case  add  *7  of  a  foot  to  every  height  s  t  of  the 
embankment  m  n  o  p. 


15 

A  separate  diagram  is  absolutely  required  therefore  only  for  each 
side-slope :  and  such  a  diagram  may  be  used  indifferently  for  either 
excavation  or  embankment,  provided  the  two  have  the  same  side- 
slope,  and  for  any  width  of  base  or  roadway  whatever. 

Remark.  In  using  a  working  diagram,  however,  for  a  width  of 
roadway  different  from  that  for  which  it  was  originally  made,  a  new 
dotted  curved  line  corresponding  to  the  new  width  must  be  first  laid 
down  upon  it,  prepared  by  the  directions  given  at  fig.  4.  This,  how- 
ever, can  be  done  in  a  few  minutes. 

In  preparing  working  diagrams,  they  should  be  made  with  reference 
to  the  greatest  depths  of  cut  or  fill  that  occur  on  the  route.  Ours 
extend  only  to  60  feet,  for  convenience  of  insertion  in  this  volume. 
A  scale  of  about  J  to  J  of  an  inch  to  a  foot  will  be  quite  sufficient. 

IEEEGULAE  SECTIONS. 

Fig.  5  illustrates  the  construction  of  Trautwine's  Cross-section  Sheet,* 
upon  which  irregular  cross  sections  may  be  drawn,  and  thus,  by  in- 
spection, be  reduced  to  equivalent  level  or  sloping  sections,  and  the 
latter  may  then  be  reduced  to  equivalent  level  sections  by  means  of 
diagrams  similar  to  Plates  I  to  X  of  this  work. 


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V 

The  squares  in  fig.  5  represent  squares  of  half  an  inch  in  the  work- 
ing sheet.  On  said  sheet  these  are  divided  into  smaller  squares  ^ 
of  an  inch  on  a  side,  the  scale  being  ^  of  an  inch  to  a  foot. 

The  given  cross-section  is  to  be  drawn  lightly  upon  the  printed 
sheet,  with  the  centre  of  the  roadway  at  the  centre  o  of  the  sheet, 

*  Published  by  John  WUey  <k  Sons,  New  York,  price,  25  cts.  per  sheet ;  85.00  per  quire. 


16 

and  with  the  roadway  coinciding  with  the  horizontal  line  ef.  The 
width  of  roadway  is  laid  off  on  ef,  the  squares  ruled  on  the  sheet  serv- 
ing as  a  scale  of  ^  of  an  inch  to  a  foot.  The  side  slopes  are  drawn 
by  means  of  the  slope  lines  printed  around  the  edge  of  the  diagram. 
Thus,  if  the  side  slopes  are  2  to  1,  lay  a  parallel  ruler  from  o  to  the 
short  line  marked  2  to  1  near  the  right  hand  upper  corner  of  the  dia- 
gram. (For  greater  correctness  the  ruler  should  be  long  enough  to  reach 
at  the  same  time  to  the  corresponding  line  marked  2  to  1  at  the  lower 
left  hand  corner  of  the  sheet.)  Then  move  the  ruler,  parallel  with 
itself,  to  the  right  until  it  cuts  the  right  hand  end  of  the  line  just  laid 
off  to  represent  the  roadway,  and  draw  the  right  hand  slope. 

A  similar  operation,  with  the  ruler  reaching  from  the  2  to  1  line  at 
the  left  hand  upper  corner  to  that  at  the  right  hand  lower  one,  and 
moved  from  the  centre  toward  the  left,  enables  us  to  draw  the  left 
hand  slope. 

The  transverse  ground  slopes  are  to  be  laid  off  upon  the  cross  sec- 
tion sheet  in  the  same  way;  using  the  protractor  printed  upon  the 
sheet,  and  always  laying  the  parallel  ruler  first  from  the  centre  o  to 
the  required  degree  on  the  protractor. 

One  sheet  may  be  made  to  serve  for  the  calculations  of  many  stations, 
oy  merely  drawing  in  the  transverse  ground-slopes,  very  lightly,  with  lead 
pencil  marks,  which  may  be  rubbed  out  as  each  station  is  finished. 

It  is  advisable,  however,  in  very  irregular  sections,  to  represent  but 
two  consecutive  ones  on  one  sheet;  and  after  having  drawn  them  in  ink, 
and  added  the  numbers  of  the  sections  or  stations  to  which  they  belong, 
as  well  as  the  cubic  content  comprised  between  them,  to  lay  them  aside 
for  future  reference,  in  case  of  dispute  with  the  contractor,  after  the  work 
is  commenced. 

The  method  we  advise  for  reducing  irregular  cross-sections  to  equi- 
valent regular  ones,  which  may  be  calculated  by  means  of  the  working 
diagrams  and  tables  of  level  cuttings,  is  as  follows : 

CASE  1. —  When  the  ground  slopes  differently  from  the  centre  each  way, 
as  e  d,  e  a,  in  Jigs.  6  and  7. 


Fig.  6. 


Fig.  7. 


On  the  prepared  paper,  fig.  5,  from  the  centre-height  or  depth  e,  figs. 
6  and  7,  and  by  means  of  the  parallel  ruler,  and  the  degrees  marked  on 
the  sheet,  fig.  5,  draw  the  two  slopes  e  d,  e  a,  figs.  6  and  7;  the  inclina- 


17 

tions  of  which  are  taken  from  the  field  slope-book.    Draw  ef,  parallel  to 
a  d,  and  join  af.     Then  is  a  b  coequal  to  a  b  c  d  e,  figs.  6  and  7. 

PROOF. — The  two  triangles  a  d  f,  a  d  ey  being  on  the  same  base 
a  d,  and  between  the  same  parallels  a  d  and  ef,  are  equal  to  each  other. 
Leaving  out  from  each,  the  triangle  a  d  o,  which  is  common  to  both,  we 
have  the  triangle  d  fo,  equal  to  the  triangle  ae  o;  and  consequently  a  b  cf 
is  equal  to  a  b  c  d  e. 

Find  by  means  of  the  parallel  ruler  and  degrees  marked  on  the  paper, 
the  slope  of  a  f;  and  with  that  slope,  and  the  new  centre-depth  m  n, 
(which  is  had  from  the  figure  by  inspection,)  use  the  proper  diagram  for 
finding  the  equivalent  level-cutting;  and  take  out  the  cubic  yards  fronc 
the  table. 

CASE  2. —  When  the  ground  is  very  irregular  transversely  ,  as  in  Jig.  8. 

Having  drawn  the  figure  on  the  prepared  paper,  find  by  trial  with  a 

piece  of  thread,  the  line  a  d,  which 
equalizes,  as  nearly  as  can  be  judged  by 
eye,  the  irregularities  above  and  below 
it.  By  means  of  the  parallel  ruler,  and 
the  degrees  on  the  paper,  find  the  slope 
of  a  d;  and  with  that  slope,  and  the  new 
centre-depth  m  n,  (which  is  had  from  the 
figure  by  inspection,)  use  the  proper  dia- 
gram for  finding  the  equivalent  level-cutting;  and  take  out  the  cubic  yards 
from  the  table. 

CASE  3. —  When  the  ground-slope  intersects  the  roadway,  as  in  Jig.  9. 

Such  cases  are  always  detected  by  the  dotted  curve  line  in  the  working 
diagrams. 

Having  drawn  the  figure  on  the  prepared  paper,  measure  the  two  bases 

a  b  and  a  o;  and  also  the  two 
perpendiculars  to  them,  c  d  and 


Fig.  8. 


Fig.  9. 


Multiply  a  b  by  c  c?,  and  half 
the  product  is  the  area  of  the  tri- 
angle of  excavation  a  b  d.  If  the 
triangle  of  excavation  at  the  other 
end  of  the  100  feet  station  has  the 

same  area,  the  number  of  cubic  yards  corresponding  to  this  area  for  a 

length  of  100  feet  will  be  taken  from  table  17. 

Also  multiply  a  o  by  ef,  and  halfihe  product  will  be  the  area  of  the 
triangle  of  embankment  a  o  e.  •  If  the  triangle  of  embankment  at  the  other 
end  of  the  100  feet  station  has  the  same  area,  the  corresponding  number 
of  cubic  yards  will  be  taken  from  table  17. 

But  if  the  triangles  of  excavation,  (or  those  of  embankment,)  at  the  two 
ends,  are  not  of  the  same  area,  the  prismoidal  rule  must  be  employed,  as 
m  the  case  of  trapezoidal  cross  sections  of  unequal  areas. 


18 

That  is,  we  must  add  together  the  contents  corresponding  to  the  two 
end  triangles,  and  4  times  that  corresponding  to  the  triangle  half  way 
between  them,  and  divide  the  sum  by  6,  for  the  true  content. 

The  base  of  the  centre  triangle  of  excavation,  will  be  the  average  be- 
tween the  two  bases  a  6,  fig.  9,  at  the  ends;  and  its  perpendicular,  the 
average  between  the  two  perpendiculars  c  d3  at  the  ends. 

In  like  manner,  the  base  and  perpendicular  of  the  centre  triangle  of 
embankment,  will  be  averages  of  the  two  end  bases  a  0,  and  of  the  two 
end  perpendiculars  ef. 

If  from  irregularities  in  the  ground,  in  the  direction  of  the  line  of  the 
road,  it  should  become  necessary  to  take  cross-sections  nearer  together 
than  100  feet,  only  the  same  proportional  parts  of  the  cubic  yards  must 
be  taken  from  the  tables;  and  on  this  account,  it  is  better  always,  when 
possible,  to  subdivide  the  100  feet  station-distances  into  such  parts  as 
will  furnish  numbers  easy  to  divide  by;  thus,  if  the  station  be  divided 
into  10,  20,  25,  or  50  feet  distances,  they  will  furnish  respectively  the 
numbers  10,  5,  4,  or  2,  by  which  to  divide  the  cubic  yards  in  the  tables, 
all  of  which  are  calculated  for  100  feet  distances. 

TO  FIND  THE  DISTANCES  OF  THE  SIDE-STAKES  FROM  THE  CENTRE- 

STAKE. 

For  this  purpose  the  circular  arcs  shown  in  fig.  5  are  printed  upon 
the  cross-section  sheet.  Lay  a  parallel  ruler  from  the  point  representing 
the  centre  stake  to  that  representing  the  side-stake,  and  move  it,  parallel 
to  itself,  until  it  touches  the  point  O.  Note  the  point  where  the  ruler 
now  cuts  the  vertical  line  on  which  the  side  stake  is  drawn.  The 
distance  of  this  point  from  O  is  given  by  the  circular  arcs,  and  is  equal 
to  the  distance  between  the  centre  and  side-stakes  as  measured  along 
the  sloping  ground  surface.  If  a  scale  is  at  hand  this  distance  can  of 
course  be  measured  directly  with  less  trouble.  The  horizontal  distance 
between  the  two  stakes  is  given  at  once  by  the  ruled  lines  on  the  sheet. 

This  method,  however,  is  applicable  only  when  the  ground-slopes 
are  regular,  and  have  been  taken  with  great  care.  The  following 
method  by  the  level  is  altogether  preferable  for  general  purposes. 

It  is  generally  best  to  note  the  horizontal  side  distances ;  because 
if  a  side-stake  is  accidentally  lost  after  the  excavation  has  been  com- 
menced, it  is  then  only  necessary  to  find  the  centre  line  of  the  work, 
in  order  to  replace  it;  whereas  when  the  inclined  side-distance  are 
used,  it  becomes  necessary  to  find  not  only  the  position  of  the  vertical 
centre  line,  but  also  the  original  height  of  the  centre  stake,  to  measure 
from. 


19 

USIML    METHOD    OF    FINDING    SIDE-DEPTHS,   AND    PLACING   SIDE- 

STAKES. 

1st.  For  an  Excavation. 

The  level  is  placed  conveniently  for  sighting  from  the  same  position 
upon/  c,  and  d,  figs.  11  and  12. 

Fig.  11.  Fig.  12. 


A  sight/o,  is  then  taken  on  the  target-rod  held  at/;  this  sight/o,  being 
added  to  the  centre-depth/e,  gives  the  height  e  o,  of  the  instrument  above 
a  b',  or  the  height  of  the  horizontal  plane,  (represented  by  h  p,) 
through  which  the  line  of  sight  passes  as  the  telescope  of  the  level  in 
swept  round  on  the  axis  of  the  instrument. 

The  height  of  d  above/ is  then  estimated  by  eye,  say  at  2  feet;  this  2 
feet,  added  to/  e,  gives  the  approximate  height  of  d  b.  Assuming  the 
approximate  height  d  b  as  the  correct  one,  we  find  what  would  be  the 
horizontal  distance  from  the  centre  to  d,  either  by  calculation,  or  from  a 
previously  prepared  table  of  horizontal  distances.  Measure  off*  that  dis- 
tance horizontally  towards  d,  and  placing  the  target  2  feet  lower  on  the 
target  rod,  hold  it  at  the  end  of  the  measured  distance.  A  sight  is  then 
taken  with  the  level,  and  if  it  strikes  the  centre  of  the  target,  it  proves 
that  the  assumed  height  of  d,  and  the  corresponding  horizontal  distance 
from  the  centre  of  the  roadway,  were  correct;  and  that  the  proper  spot  is 
found  for  placing  the  side-stake  d. 

It  seldom  happens  that  such  a  coincidence  is  found  at  the  first  trial;  at 
least  two  trials  are  generally  required;  and  frequently  three,  or  even  four 
when  the  ground  is  extremely  irregular. 

A  very  close  approximation,  however,  can  always  be  made  by  an  ex- 
perienced leveller  after  the  first  trial.  An  error  of  an  inch  or  two  in  the 
position  of  a  side-stake  is  a  matter  of  no  practical  importance  whatever. 

The  same  operation  is  performed  at  c,  except  that  as  c  is  lower  than  / 
the  target  is  raised  on  the  rod,  as  far  above  the  sight  taken  at/  as  c  i.« 
estimated  to  be  below  / 

2d.  For  an  Embankment. 

When  putting  in  side-stakes  for  an  embankment,  fig.  13,  the  sight  taken 
on  the  rod  at  the  centre-stake,  is  subtracted  from  the  centre-height  of  the 
embankment,  in  order  to  obtain  the  depth  of  the  instrument  below  the 
roadway;  and  the  outer  sights,  c  a,  d  a,  are  to  be  added  to  this  depth, 
s  t,  for  the  side-depths;  except  when,  as  in  fig.  14,  the  sight  r  y,  on  the 
rod  at  the  centre-stake,  is  greater  than  t/ie  height  r  x  of  the  embankment, 
in  which  case  the  difference  x  y,  between  the  two,  will  be  the  height  of 
the  instrument  above  the  roadway;  and  this  difference,  x  y,  must  then  be 


20 

subtracted  from  the  sights  a  c,  a  d,  for  the  side-depths,  o  c,  o  d;  all  of 
which  is  apparent  from  the  figures. 

Fig.  13.  Fig.  14. 


It  is  plain  that  if  the  heighten  the  target  rod  at  d,  fig.  11,  be  subtract- 
ed from  e  o,  the  remainder  will  be  d  b;  and  that  taken  at  c,  subtracted 
from  e  o,  will  give  c  a. 

These  operations  give  us  therefore,  at  the  same  time,  the  heights  d  b, 
and  c  a;  and  also  the  horizontal  distances  from  the  centre  to  each  side- 
stake.  All  these  are  at  once  entered  into  the  proper  field-book,  to  be 
used  in  estimating  the  areas  and  cubic  contents  in  the  office. 

The  sum  of  the  two  horizontal  distances  manifestly  gives  the 
extreme  width  of  the  excavation  or  embankment. 

Transverse  ground-slopes  are  obtained  in  the  field,  by  means  of  a 
small  slope-level,  or  clinometw,  placed  upon  a  rod,  10  or  12  feet  long; 
which,  at  every  station,  is  laid  upon  the  ground  as  nearly  at  right 
angles  to  the  line  of  survey,  as  can  be  judged  by  eye.  These  slope- 
levels  are  sold  by  most  instrument-makers.  If  they  were  graduated 
to  give  the  slope  in  feet  per  100  feet,  they  would  be  much  more 
convenient. 

When  the  ground  is  regular  transversely ,-Jbut  one  slope  need  be 
taken ;  at  other  times,  one  or  more  may  be  required  from  the  centre- 
stake  each  way.  The  slopes  for  estimating  the  final  adopted  line,  need 
not  extend  beyond  the  widths  actually  occupied  by  the  cuttings  and 
fillings ;  while  those  taken  in  preliminary  surveys  should  comprise  a 
considerable  width,  as  they  are,  moreover,  used  in  the  office  for 
changing  the  position  of  the  surveyed  line,  in  order  to  avoid  excava- 
tion and  embankment. 

In  the  following  tables  of  level-cuttings,  the  left-band  vertical 
column  contains  the  height  or  depth  of  the  embankment  or  excavation, 
in  feet;  and  the  upper  horizontal  column,  the  intermediate  tenths  of 
a  foot.  Thus,  in  table  1,  the  cubic  yards  in  a  station  100  feet  long  and 
10  feet  deep,  are  1074;  for  lO'l  deep,  1090;  for  10-2  deep,  1107,  &c. 

FOR  THE  AREA  OF  A  THREE-LEVEL  CROSS-SECTION. 
cmn  df  c,  figs.  11  and  12. 

.            abxfe      mn(ac 
Area  = --  + ^_ 


21 


SHRINKAGE  OF  EMBANKMENT. 

Although  earth,  when  first  dug,  and  loosely  thrown  out,  swells  about 
£  part,  so  that  a  cubic  yard  in  place  averages  about  1£  or  1.2  cubic 
yards  when  dug;  or  1  cubic  yard  dug  is  equal  to  £,  or  to  .8333  of  a 
cubic  yard  in  place;  yet  when  made  into  embankment  it  gradually 
subsides,  settles,  or  shrinks,  into  a  less  bulk  than  it  occupied  before 
being  dug. 

The  following  are  approximate  averages  of  the  shrinkage;  or,  in 
other  words,  the  earth  measured  in  place  in  a  cut,  will,  when  made 
into  embankment,  occupy  a  bulk  less  than  before  by  about  the  follow- 
ing proportions: 

Gravel  or  sand about    8  per  ct;  or  1  in  12J  less. 

Clay "      10  per  ct;  or  1  in  10   less. 

Loam "      12perct;  or  1  in    8i  less. 

Loose  vegetable  surface  soil "      15  per  ct;  or  1  in    6§  less. 

Puddled  clay "      25  per  ct;  or  1  in    4   less. 

The  writer  thinks,  from  some  trials  of  his  own,  that  1  cubic  yard  of 
any  hard  rock  in  place,  will  make  from  If  to  If  cubic  yards  of  em- 
bankment; say  on  an  average  1.7  cubic  yards.  Or  that  1  cubic  yard 
of  rock  embankment  requires  .5882  of  a  cubic  yard  in  place.  He 
found  that  a  solid  cubic  yard  when  broken  into  fragments,  made  about 
as  follows : 


Of  which  there  were 

CTBIC 

YDS. 

SOLID. 

VOIDS. 

In  loose  heap.... 

1.9 

52.6  per  cent. 

47.4  per  cent. 

Carelessly  piled 

-...1.75 

57 

43          " 

Carefully  piled.. 

1.6 

63 

57 

22 


TABLE  1.— LEVEL  CUTTINGS. 
Roadway  14  feet  wide,  side-slopes  l£  to  1. 


H'ght 
in  ft. 

0 

•1 

•2 

•3 

•4 

•5 

•6 

•7 

•8 

•9 

cu.  yds 

cu.  yds 

cu.  yds 

cu.  yds 

cu.  yds 

cu.  yds> 

cu.  yds 

cu.  yd 

cu.  yds.|ca.  yds. 

0 

5-24 

10- 

16- 

2H 

27- 

33-1   39- 

45-( 

51  -2 

1 

57-4 

63- 

70- 

76- 

83-f 

90-, 

97- 

104- 

11  K 

118-6 

2 

125-£ 

133-4 

141-0 

148- 

156-4 

164-4 

172- 

180 

188-' 

197-1 

3 

205-6 

214- 

222-8 

231- 

240-f 

249v 

258. 

267- 

277-C 

286-7 

4 

296-2 

306-0 

315-8 

325- 

335-7 

345.8 

356- 

366-4 

376-£ 

387-5 

5 

398-1 

408-9 

419-9 

430- 

442-C 

453-S 

464- 

476- 

487-6 

499-3 

6 

511-1 

523-0 

535-0 

547-2 

559-4 

571-8 

584- 

596-8 

609-5 

622-3 

7 

635-2 

648-2 

661-3 

674- 

687-9 

701-4 

714- 

728- 

742-4 

756.3 

8 

770-3 

784-5 

798-7 

813- 

827-5 

842-1 

856-8 

871-6 

886-5 

901-5J 

9 

916-7 

931-9 

947-3 

962-7 

978-3 

994-C 

1010 

1026 

1042 

1058 

10 

1074 

1090 

1107 

1123 

1140 

1157 

1174 

1191 

1208 

1225 

11 

1243 

1260 

1278 

1295 

1313 

1331 

1349 

1367 

1385 

1404 

12 

1422 

1441 

1459 

1478 

1497 

1516 

1535 

1554 

1574 

1593 

13 

1613 

1633 

1652 

1672 

1692 

1712 

1733 

1753 

1773 

1794 

14 

1815 

1835 

1856 

1877 

1898 

1920 

1941 

1962 

1984 

2006 

15 

2028 

2050 

2072 

2094 

2116 

2138 

2161 

2183 

2206 

2229 

16 

2252 

2275 

2298 

2321 

2344 

2368 

2391 

2415 

2439 

2463 

17 

2487 

2511 

2535 

2559 

2584 

2608 

2633 

2658 

2683 

2708 

18 

2733 

2759 

2784 

2809 

2835 

2861 

2886 

2912 

2938 

2964 

19 

2991 

3017 

3044 

3070 

3097 

3124 

3151 

3178 

3205 

3232 

20 

3259 

3287 

3314 

3342 

3370 

3398 

3426 

3454 

3482 

3510 

21 

3539 

3567 

3596 

3625 

3654 

3683 

3712 

3741 

3771 

3800 

22 

3830 

3859 

3889 

3919 

3949 

3979 

4009 

4040 

4070 

4101 

23 

4132 

4162 

4193 

4224 

4255 

4287 

4318 

4349 

4381 

4413 

24 

4444 

4476 

4508 

4541 

4573 

4605 

4638 

4670 

4703 

4736 

25 

4769 

4802 

4835 

4868 

490l' 

4935 

4968 

5002 

5036 

5070 

26 

5104 

5138 

5172 

5206 

5241 

5275 

5310 

5345 

5980 

5415 

27 

5450 

5485 

5521 

5556 

5592 

5627 

5663 

5699 

5735 

5771 

28 

5807 

5844 

5880 

5917 

5953 

5990 

6027 

6064 

6101 

6139 

29 

6176 

6213 

6251 

6289 

6326 

6364 

6402 

6440 

6479 

6517 

30 

6556 

6594 

6633 

6672 

6711 

6750 

6789 

6828 

6867 

6907 

31 

6946 

6986 

7026 

7066 

7106 

7146 

7186 

7226 

7267 

7307 

.32 

7348 

7389 

7430 

7471 

7512 

7553 

7595 

7636 

7678 

7719 

33 

7761 

7803 

7845 

7887 

7929 

7972 

8014 

8057 

8099 

8142 

34 

8185 

8228 

8271 

8315 

8358 

8401 

8445 

8489 

8532 

8576 

35 

8620 

8664 

8709 

8753 

8798 

8842 

8887 

8932 

8976 

9022 

36 

9067 

9112 

9157 

9203 

9248 

9294 

9340 

9386 

9432 

9478 

37 

9524 

9570 

9617 

9663 

9710 

9757 

9804 

9851 

9898 

9945 

38 

9993 

10040 

0088 

0135 

0183 

10231 

10279 

0327 

0375 

10424 

39 

0472 

10521 

0569 

0618 

0667 

10716 

10765 

0815 

0864 

10913 

40 

0963 

11013 

1062 

1112 

1162 

11212 

11263 

1313 

1364 

11414 

41 

1465 

11516 

1567 

1618 

1669 

11720 

11771 

1823 

1874 

11926 

42 

1978 

12029 

2081 

2134 

2186 

12238 

12291 

2343 

2396 

12449 

43 

12502 

12555 

2608 

2661 

2715 

12768 

12822 

2875 

2929 

12983 

44 

13037 

13091 

3145 

3200 

3254 

13309 

13363 

3418 

3473 

13528 

45 

13583 

13639 

3694 

3749 

3805 

13861 

13916 

3972 

4028 

14084 

46 

14141 

14197 

4254 

4310 

4367 

14424 

14480 

4537 

4595 

14652 

47 

14709 

14767 

4824 

4882 

4940 

14998 

15056 

5114 

5172 

15230 

48 

15289 

15347 

5406 

5465 

5524 

15583 

15642 

5701 

5761 

15820 

49 

15880 

15939 

5999 

6059 

6119 

16179 

16239 

6300 

6360 

16421 

50 

16481 

16542 

6603 

6664 

6725 

16787 

16848 

6909 

6971 

17033 

51 

17094 

17156 

7218 

7280 

7343 

17405 

17467 

7530 

7593 

17656 

52 

17719 

17782 

7845 

7908 

7971 

18035 

18098 

8162 

8226 

18290 

53 

18354 

18418 

8482 

8546 

8611 

18675 

18740 

8805 

8870 

18935 

54 

19000 

19065 

9131 

9196 

9262 

19327 

19393 

9459 

9525 

L9591 

55 

19657 

19724 

9790 

9857 

9923 

19990 

20057 

0124 

0191 

20259 

56 

20326 

20393 

0461 

0529 

0596 

20664 

20732 

0800 

0869 

20937 

57 

21005 

21074 

1143 

1212 

1280 

21349 

21419 

1488 

155? 

21627 

58 

21696 

21766 

1836 

1906 

1976 

22046 

22116 

2186 

2257 

22327 

59 

22398 

22469 

2540 

2611 

2682 

22753 

22825 

2896 

2968 

23039 

;  eo 

23111 

23183 

3255 

3327 

3399 

23472 

23544 

3617 

3689 

23762 

For  continuation  to  170  feet,  see  table  15. 


SIDE-SLOI'KS  l-'iol. 
UOADWAYII  FT 

/-'('/•  Embankment, 


10 


(JO 


SLOPES  iHol, 
ROADWAY?  I  FT 

AV  Embankment. 


23 


TABLE  2.— LEVEL  CUTTINGS. 

Roadway  24  feet  wide,  side-slopes  1$  to  1. 


H'ubt 

in  ft. 

•0 

•1     -2 

•3 

•4 

•5 

•6 

•7 

•8 

•9 

:u.  yds.  cu.  yds. 

:u.  yds. 

u.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

0 

8-94 

18-0 

27-2 

36-4 

45-8 

55-3 

-64-9 

74-7 

84-5 

1 

91-4   104-5 

114-7 

124-9 

135-3 

145-8 

156-4 

167-2 

178-0 

188-9 

2    200-0   211-2;  222-4 

233-8 

245-3 

256-9 

268-6 

280-5 

292-4 

304-4 

3 

316-6   328-9 

341-2 

353-7 

366-3 

379-0 

391-9 

404-8 

417-8 

431-0 

4 

4-14-4-   457-8 

471-3 

484-9 

498-6 

512-4 

526-4 

540-4 

554-6 

568-8 

5 

533-3   597-8 

6124 

627-1 

642-0 

656-9 

671-9 

687-1 

702.3 

717-7 

6 

733-3   748-9 

764-7 

780-5 

796-4 

812-5 

828-7 

844-9 

861-3 

877-8 

7 

894-4 

911-2 

928-0 

944-9 

962-0 

979-2 

996-4 

1014 

1031 

1049 

8 

1067 

1085 

1102 

1121 

1139 

1157 

1175 

1194 

1212 

1231 

9 

1250 

1269 

1288 

1307 

1326 

1346 

1365 

1385 

1405 

1425 

10 

1444 

1465 

1485 

1505 

1525 

1546 

1566 

1587 

1608 

1629 

11 

1650 

1671 

1692 

1714 

1735 

1757 

1779 

1800 

1822 

1845 

12 

1867 

1889 

1911 

1934 

1956 

1979 

2002 

2025 

2048 

2071 

13 

2094 

2118 

2141 

2165 

2189 

2213 

2236 

2261 

2285 

2309 

14 

2333 

2358 

2382 

2407 

2432 

2457 

2482 

2507 

2532 

2558 

15 

2583 

2609 

2635 

2661 

2686 

2713 

2739 

2765 

2791 

2818 

16 

2844 

2871 

2898 

2925 

2952 

2979 

3006 

3034 

3061 

3089 

17 

3117 

3145 

3172 

3201 

3229 

3257 

3285 

3314 

3342 

3371 

18 

3400 

3429 

3458 

3487 

3516 

3546 

3575 

3605 

3635 

3665 

19 

3694 

3725 

3755 

3785 

3815 

3846 

3876 

3907 

3938 

3969 

20 

4000 

4031 

4062 

4094 

4125 

4157 

4189 

4221 

4252 

4285 

21 

4317 

4349 

4381 

4414 

4446 

4479 

4512 

4545 

4578 

4611 

22 

4644 

4678 

4711 

4745 

4779 

4813 

4846 

4881 

4915 

4949 

23 

4983 

5018 

5052 

5087 

5122 

5157 

5192 

5227 

5262 

5298 

24 

5333 

5369 

5405 

5441 

5476 

5513 

5549 

5585 

5621 

56  18 

25 

5694 

5731 

5768 

5805 

5842 

5879 

5916 

5954 

5991 

6029 

26 

6067 

6105 

6142 

6181 

6219 

6257 

6295 

6334 

6372 

6411 

27 

6450 

6489 

6528 

6567 

6606 

6646 

6685 

6725 

6765 

6805 

28 

6844 

6885 

6925 

6965 

7005 

7046 

7086 

7127 

7168 

7209 

29 

7250 

7291 

7332 

7374 

7415 

7457 

7499 

7541 

7582 

7625 

30 

7667 

7709 

7751 

7794 

7836 

7879 

7922 

7965 

8008 

,  8051 

31 

8094 

8138 

8181 

8225 

8269 

8313 

8356 

8401 

8445 

8489 

32 

8533 

8578 

8622 

8667 

8712 

8757 

8802 

8847 

8892 

8938 

33 

8983 

9029 

9075 

9121 

9166 

9212 

9259 

9305 

9351 

9398 

34 

9444 

9491 

9538 

9585 

9632 

9679 

9726 

9774 

9821 

9869 

35 

9917 

9965 

10012 

10061 

10109 

10157 

10205 

10254 

10302 

10351 

36 

10400 

10449 

10498 

10547 

10596 

10646 

10695 

10745 

10795 

10845 

37 

10894 

10945 

10995 

11045 

11095 

11146 

11196 

11247 

11298 

11349 

38 

11400 

11451  11502 

11554 

11605 

11657 

11709 

11761 

11812 

11865 

39 

11917 

11969  12021 

12074 

12126 

12179 

12232 

12285 

12338 

12391 

40 

12444 

12498  12551 

12605 

12659 

12713 

12766 

12821 

12875 

12929 

41 

12983 

13038  13092 

13147 

13202 

13257 

13312 

13367 

13422 

13478 

42 

13533 

13589  13645 

13701 

13756 

13813 

13869 

13925 

13981 

14038 

43 

14094 

14151  14203 

14265 

14322 

14379 

14436 

14494 

14551 

14609 

44 

14667 

14725  14782 

14840 

14899 

14957 

15015 

15074 

15132 

15191 

45 

15250 

15309  15368 

15427 

15486 

15546 

15605 

15665 

15725 

15785 

46 

15844 

15905  15965 

16025 

16085 

16146 

16206 

16267 

16328 

16389 

47 

16450 

16511  16572 

16634 

16695 

16757 

16819 

16881 

16942 

17005 

48 

17067 

17129  17191 

17254 

17316 

17379 

17442 

17505 

17568 

17631 

49 

17694 

17758  17821 

17885 

17949 

18013 

18076 

18141 

18205 

18269 

50 

18333 

18398  18462 

18527 

18592 

18657 

18722 

18787 

18852 

1-8918 

51 

18983 

19049  19115 

19181 

19246 

19313 

19379 

19445 

19511 

19578 

52 

19644 

19711  19778 

19845 

19912 

19979 

20046 

20114 

20181  120249 

53 

20317 

20385  20452 

20521 

20589 

20657  J20725 

20794 

20862 

20931 

54 

21000 

21069  21138 

21207 

21276 

21346  21415 

21485 

21555 

21625 

55 

21694 

21765  21835 

21905 

21975 

22046  122116 

22187 

22258 

22329 

56 

22400 

22471  22542 

22614 

22685 

22757  122829  12290  1 

22972 

23045 

57 

23117 

23189  23261 

23334 

23406 

23479  '23552  23625 

23698 

23771 

68 

23844 

23918  23991 

24065 

24139 

24213  |24286  24361 

24435 

24509 

59 

24583 

24658  24732 

24807 

24882 

24957  J25032  J25107 

25182 

25258 

60 

25333 

25409  25485 

25561 

25636 

25713  (25789  25865 

25941 

26018 

For  continuation  to  170  feet,  see  table  15. 


TABLE  3.— LEVEL  CUTTINGS. 
Roadway  18  feet  wide,  side-slopes  1  to  1. 


Uep  h 
in  ft 

•0 

•1 

•2 

•3 

•4 

•5 

•6 

•7 

•8 

.9 

cu.  yds 

ou.  yds 

cu.  yds 

cu.  yd 

cu.  yd 

cu.  yds 

cu.  yd 

cu.  yd 

cu.  yd 

cu.  yds- 

0 

6-7^ 

13-f 

20- 

27- 

34- 

41- 

48 

55 

63-0 

1 

70.4 

77-S 

85-i 

92- 

100- 

108- 

116- 

124 

132 

J40-0 

2 

148- 

156-S 

164-e 

172- 

181- 

189- 

198- 

207 

215- 

224-5 

3 

233-3 

242-2 

25  K 

260- 

269- 

278- 

288- 

297 

306- 

316-s 

4 

325-9 

335-6 

345-C 

355- 

365- 

375-C 

385- 

395- 

405- 

415-6 

5 

425-9 

436-3 

446-8 

457- 

468- 

478-7 

489- 

500. 

511- 

522-s 

6 

533-3 

544-5 

555-7 

567- 

578- 

589-8 

601- 

612- 

624- 

636-p 

7 

648-1 

680-0 

672-C 

684- 

696- 

708-3 

720- 

732- 

745- 

757-s 

8 

770-4 

783-0 

795.7 

808- 

821- 

834-3 

847- 

860- 

873- 

886-7 

9 

900-0 

913-4 

926.fi 

940-3 

953-9 

967-6 

981- 

995- 

1009 

1023 

10 

1037 

1051 

1065 

1080 

1094 

1108 

1123 

1137 

1152 

1167 

11 

1181 

1196 

1211 

1226 

1241 

1256 

1272 

1287 

1302 

1318 

12 

1333 

1349 

1365 

1380 

1396 

1412 

1428 

1444 

1460 

1476 

13 

1493 

1509 

'1525 

1542 

1558 

1575 

1592 

1608 

1625 

1642 

14 

1659 

1676 

1693 

1711 

1728 

1745 

1763 

1780 

1798 

1816 

15 

1833 

1851 

1869 

1887 

1905 

1923 

1941 

1960 

1978 

1996 

16 

2015 

2033 

2052 

2071 

2089 

2108 

2127 

2146 

2165 

2184 

17 

2204 

2223 

2242 

2262 

2281 

2301 

2321 

2340 

2360 

2380 

18 

2400 

2420 

2440 

2460 

2481 

2501 

2521 

2542 

2562 

2583 

19 

2604 

2624 

2645 

2666 

2687 

2708 

2729 

2751 

2772 

2793 

20 

2815 

2836 

2858 

2880 

2901 

2923 

2945 

2967 

2989 

3011 

21 

3033 

3056 

3078 

3100 

3123 

3145 

3168 

3191 

3213 

3236 

22 

3259 

3282 

3305 

3328 

3352 

3375 

3398 

3422 

3445 

3469 

23 

3493 

3516 

3540 

3564 

3588 

3612 

3636 

3660 

3685 

3709 

24 

3733 

3758 

3782 

3807 

3832 

3856 

3881 

3906 

3931 

3956 

25 

3981 

4007 

4032 

4057 

4083 

4108 

4134 

4160 

4185 

4211 

26 

4237 

4263 

4289 

4315 

4341 

4368 

4394 

4420 

4447 

4473 

27 

4500 

4527 

4553 

4580 

4607 

4634 

4661 

4688 

4716 

4743 

28 

4770 

4798 

4825 

4853 

4881 

4908 

4936 

4964 

4992 

5020 

29 

5048 

5076 

5105 

5133 

5161 

5190 

5218 

5247 

5276 

5304 

30 

5333 

5362 

5391 

5420 

5449 

5479 

5508 

5537 

5567 

5596 

31 

5626 

5656 

5685 

5715 

5745 

5775 

5805 

5835 

5865 

5896 

32 

5926 

5956 

5987 

6017 

6048 

6079 

6109 

6140 

6171 

6202 

33 

6233 

6264 

6296 

6327 

6358 

6390 

6421 

6453 

6485 

6516 

34 

6548 

6580 

6612 

6644 

6676 

6708 

6741 

6773 

6805 

6838 

35 

6870 

6903 

6936 

6968 

7001 

7034 

7067 

7100 

7133 

7167 

36 

7200 

7233 

7267 

7300 

7334 

7368 

7401 

7435 

7469 

7503 

37 

7537 

7571 

7605 

7640 

7674 

7708 

7743 

7777 

7812 

7847 

38 

7881 

7916 

7951 

7986 

8021 

8056 

8092 

8127 

8162 

8198 

39 

8233 

8269 

8305 

8340 

8376 

8412 

8448 

8484 

8520 

8556 

40 

8593 

8629 

8665 

8702 

8738 

8775 

8812 

8848 

8885 

8922 

41 

8959 

8996 

9033 

9071 

9108 

9145 

9183 

9220 

9258 

9296 

42 

9333 

9371 

9409 

9447 

9485 

9523 

9561 

9600 

9638 

9676 

43 

9715 

9753 

9792 

9831 

9869 

9908 

9947 

9986 

0025 

0064 

44 

0104 

0143 

0182 

10222 

0261 

0301 

0341 

0380 

0420 

0460 

45 

0500 

0540 

0580 

10620 

0661 

0701 

10741 

0782 

0822 

0863 

46 

0904 

0944 

0985 

U026 

1067 

1108 

11149 

1191 

1232 

1273 

47 

1315 

1356 

1398 

11440 

1481 

1523 

11565 

1607 

1649 

1691 

48 

1733 

1776 

1818 

11860 

1903 

1945 

11988 

2031 

2073 

2116 

49 

2159 

2202 

2245 

12288 

2332 

2375 

L2418 

2462 

2505 

2549 

50 

2593 

2636 

2680 

12724 

2768 

2812 

12856 

2900 

2945 

2989 

51 

3033 

3078 

3122 

13167 

3212 

3256 

13301 

3346 

3391 

3436 

52 

3481 

3527 

3572 

13617 

3663 

3708 

L3754 

3800 

3845 

3891 

53 

3937 

3983 

4029 

14075 

4121 

4168 

14214 

4260 

4307 

4353 

54 

4400 

4447 

4493 

14540 

4587 

4634 

14681 

4728 

4776 

4823 

55 

4870 

4919 

4965 

15013 

5061 

5108 

15156 

5204 

5252 

5300 

5« 

5348 

5396 

5445 

15493 

5541 

5590 

15638 

5687 

5736 

5784 

57 

15833 

5882 

5931 

15980 

6029 

6079 

L6128 

6177 

6227 

6276 

58 

16326 

6376 

6425 

16475 

6525 

6575 

6625 

6675 

6725 

6776 

59 

16826 

6876 

6927 

16977 

7028 

L7079 

L7129 

7180 

7231 

7282 

60 

17333 

7384 

7436 

17487 

7538 

17590 

17641 

7693 

7745 

7796  I 

For  continuation  to  170  feet,  see  table  15. 


/•I.It,-///. 


5°      10°     IS        20°        2!>  'Mi      :>>:( 


(if) 


SIDE -SLOPES  Itol. 
ROADWAY  18  F* 


TABLE  4.— LEVEL  CUTTINGS. 
Roadway  IS  feet  wide,  side-s'opes  1±  to 


Depth 
in  ft. 

•0 

•1 

•2 

•3 

•4 

•5 

•6 

•7 

•8 

9 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  vds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds 

cu.  yds 

cu.  yds 

cu.  yds 

cu.  vds 

cu.  yds 

0 

6-71 

13-5 

20-4 

27-4 

34-5 

41-6 

49-0 

56-G 

64- 

1 

71-3 

78-9 

86-7 

94-5 

102-4 

110-4 

118-5 

126-7 

135-0 

143- 

2 

151-8 

160-4 

169-1 

177-8 

186-7 

195-6 

204-6 

213-8 

223-0 

232-? 

3  j  241-6 

251-1 

260-7 

270-4 

280-2 

290-0 

300-0 

310-1 

320-2 

330-£ 

4  |  340-7 

351-2 

.161-7 

372-3 

383-0 

393-8 

404-7 

415.7 

426-8 

437-fc 

5 

449-2 

460-6 

472-1 

483-7 

495-3 

507-0 

518-8 

530-8 

542-3 

554-c 

6 

566-7|  579-0 

591-3 

603-8 

616-4 

629-0 

641.8 

654-5 

667-5 

680./ 

7 

693-51  706-7 

720-0 

733-4 

746-9 

760-4 

774-1 

787-8 

801-7 

815-( 

8 

829-6 

843-8 

858-0 

872-3 

886-7 

901-2 

915-8 

930-4 

945-2 

960-1 

9 

975-0 

990-0 

1005 

1020 

1036 

1051 

1067 

1082 

1098 

1114 

10 

1130 

1146 

1162 

1178 

1194 

1210 

1227 

1243 

1260 

1277 

11 

1293 

1310 

1327 

1344 

1361 

1379 

1396 

1413 

1431 

1448 

12 

1467 

1484 

1502 

1520 

1539 

1557 

1575 

1593 

1612 

1630 

13 

1649 

1668 

1687 

1706 

1725 

1744 

1763 

1782 

1802 

1821 

14 

1841 

1860 

1880 

1900 

1920 

1940 

1960 

1980 

2001 

2021 

15 

2042 

2062 

2083 

2104 

2125 

2146 

2167 

2188 

2209 

2231 

16 

2252 

2273 

2295 

2317 

2339 

2361 

2383 

2405 

2427 

2449 

17 

2471 

2494 

2516 

2539 

2562 

2585 

2608 

2631 

2654 

2677 

18 

2700 

2723 

2747 

2770 

2794 

2818 

2842 

2866 

2890 

2914 

19 

2938 

2962 

2987 

3011 

3036 

3060 

3085 

3110 

3135 

3160 

20 

3185 

3210 

3236 

3261 

3287 

3312 

3338 

3364 

3390 

3416 

21 

3442 

3468 

3494 

3520 

3547 

3573 

3600 

3627 

3654 

3680 

22 

3707 

3734 

3762 

3789 

3816 

3844 

3871 

3899 

3927 

3954 

23 

3982 

4010 

4039 

4067 

4095 

4123 

4152 

4180 

4209 

4238 

24 

4267 

4296 

4325 

4354 

4383 

4412 

4442 

4471 

4501 

4530 

25 

4560 

4590 

4620 

4650 

4680 

4710 

4741 

4771 

4802 

4832 

26 

4863 

4894 

4925 

4956 

4987 

5018 

5049 

5080 

5112 

5143 

27 

5175 

5207 

5239 

5270 

5302 

5334 

5367 

5399 

5431 

5464 

28 

5496 

5529 

5562 

5594 

5627 

5660 

5693 

5727 

5760 

5793 

29 

5827 

5860 

5894 

5928 

5962 

5996 

6030 

6064 

6098 

6132 

30 

6167 

6201 

6236 

6270 

6305 

6340 

6375 

6410 

6445 

6480 

31 

6516 

6551 

6587 

6622 

6658 

6694 

6730 

6766 

6802 

6838 

32 

6874 

6910 

6947 

6983 

7020 

7057 

7093 

7130 

7167 

7204 

33 

7242 

7279 

7316 

7354 

7391 

7429 

7467   7504 

7542 

7580 

34 

7618 

7656 

7695 

7733 

7772 

7810 

7849  |  -7887 

7926 

7965 

35 

8005 

8044 

8083 

8122 

8162 

8201 

8241 

8280 

8320 

8360 

36 

8400 

8440 

8480 

8520 

8561 

8601 

8642 

8682 

8723 

8764 

37 

8805 

8846 

8887 

8928 

8969 

9010 

9052 

9093 

9135 

9177 

38 

9219 

9260 

9302 

9344 

9387 

9429 

9471 

9514 

9556 

9599 

39 

9642 

9684 

9727 

9770 

9813 

9857 

9900 

9943 

9987 

10030 

40 

10074 

10118 

10162 

10206 

10250 

10294 

10338 

10382 

0427 

10471 

41 

10516 

10560 

10605 

10650 

10695 

10740 

10785 

10830 

0876 

0921 

42  10967 

11012 

11058 

11104 

11150 

11196 

11242 

11288 

1334 

1380 

43  J11427 

11473 

11520 

11567 

11614 

11660 

11707 

11754 

1802 

1849 

44 

11896 

11944 

11991 

12039 

12087 

12134 

12182 

12230 

2278 

2327 

45 

12375 

12423 

12472 

12520 

12569 

12618 

12667 

12716 

2765 

2814 

46 

12863 

12912 

12962 

13011 

13061 

13111 

13160 

13210 

3260 

3310 

47 

13360 

13410 

13461 

13511 

13562 

13613 

13662 

13713 

3764 

3315 

48 

13867 

13918 

13969 

14020 

14072 

14123 

14175 

14227 

4279 

4330 

49 

14382 

14435 

14487 

14539 

14591 

14644 

4696 

14749 

4802 

4855 

50 

14907 

14960 

15014 

15067 

15120 

15173 

15227 

15280 

5334 

5388 

61 

15442 

15496 

15550 

15604 

15658 

15712 

15767 

15821 

5876 

5931 

52 

15985 

16040 

16095 

16150 

16205 

16260 

16316 

16371 

6427 

6482 

53 

16538 

16594 

16650 

16706 

16761 

16817 

16874 

16930 

16987 

7043 

54 

17100 

17157 

17214 

17270 

17328 

17385 

17441 

17499 

17556 

7613 

55 

17671 

17729 

17787 

17845 

17903 

17961 

18019 

18077 

18135 

8193 

56 

18252 

18310 

18369 

18428 

18487 

18545 

18604 

18663 

18723 

8782 

57  18842 

18901 

18961 

19021 

19080 

19140 

19200 

19260 

19320 

9380 

58  19441 

19501 

19562 

19622 

19683 

19744 

19804 

19865 

19926 

9988 

59  20049 

20110 

20172 

20233 

20295 

20357 

20418 

20480 

20542 

20604 

60  120667 

20729 

20791 

20854 

20916 

20979 

21041  121104  121167 

21230 

For  continuation  to  170  feet  see  table  15. 


26 


TABLE  5.— LEVEL  CUTTINGS. 

Roadway  IS  feet  wide,  side-slopes  1$  to 


Depth 
in  ft. 

•0 

,  1  , 

•3 

•4 

•5 

•6 

•7 

•8 

•9 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  vds.jcu  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

0 

6-72.   13-6 

205 

27-6 

34-7 

42.0 

49-4 

56-9 

64-5 

1 

72-2 

80-1 

88-0 

961 

104-2 

112-5 

120-9 

129-4 

138-0 

146-7 

2 

155-5 

164-5 

173-5 

182-7 

191-9 

201-3 

210-8 

220-4 

230-1 

240<0 

3 

249-9 

260-0 

270-1 

280-4 

290-8 

301-3 

311-9 

322-6 

333-4 

344-5 

4 

355-5 

366-7 

378-0 

389-4 

400-9 

412-5 

424-2 

436-0 

448-0 

460-0 

5 

472-2 

484-5 

496-9 

509-4 

522-0 

534-7 

547-6 

560-5 

573-6 

586-7 

6 

600-0 

613-4 

626-9 

640-5 

654-2 

668-1 

682-0 

696-1 

710-2 

724-5 

7 

738-9 

753-4 

768-0 

782-7 

797-6 

812-5 

827-6 

842-7 

858-0 

873-4 

8 

888-9 

904-5 

920-2 

936-1 

952-0 

968-1 

984-2 

1001 

1017 

1033 

9 

1050 

1067 

1084 

1101 

1118 

1135 

1152 

1169 

1187 

1205 

10 

1222 

1240 

1258 

1276 

1294 

1313 

1331 

1349 

1368 

1387 

11 

1406 

1425 

1444 

1463 

1482 

1501 

1521 

1541 

1560 

1580 

12 

1600 

1620 

1640 

1661 

1681 

1701 

1722 

1743 

1764 

1785 

13 

1806 

1827 

1848 

1869 

1891 

1913 

1934 

1956 

1978 

2000 

14 

2022 

2045 

2067 

2089 

2112 

2135 

2158 

2181 

2204 

2227 

15 

2250 

2273 

2297 

2321 

2344 

2368 

2392 

2416 

2440 

2465 

16 

2489 

2513 

2538 

2563 

2588 

2613 

2638 

2663 

2688 

2713 

17 

2739 

2765 

2790 

2816 

2842 

2868 

2894 

2921 

2947 

2973 

18 

3000 

3027 

3054 

3081 

3108 

3135 

3162 

3189 

3217 

3245 

19 

3272 

3300 

3328 

3356 

3384 

3413 

3441 

3469 

3498 

3527 

20 

3556 

3585 

3614 

3643 

3672 

3701 

3731 

3761 

3790 

3820 

21 

3850 

3880 

3910 

3941 

3971 

4001 

4032 

4063 

4094 

4125 

22 

4156 

4187 

4218 

4249 

4281 

4313 

4344 

4376 

4408 

4440 

23 

4472 

4505 

4537 

4569 

4602 

4635 

4668 

4701 

4734 

4767 

24 

4800 

4833 

4867 

4901 

4934 

4968 

5002 

5036 

5070 

5105 

25 

5139 

5173 

5208 

5243 

5278 

5313 

5348 

5383 

5418 

5453 

26 

5489 

5525 

5560 

5596 

5632 

5668 

5704 

5741 

5777 

5813 

27 

5850 

5887 

5924 

5961 

5998 

6035 

6072 

6109 

6147 

6185 

28 

6222 

6260 

6298 

6336   6374 

6413 

6451 

6489 

6528 

6567 

211 

6606 

6645 

6684 

6723 

6762 

6801 

6841 

6881 

6920 

6960 

30 

7000 

7040 

7080 

7121 

7161 

7201 

7242 

7283 

7324 

7365 

31 

7406 

7447 

7488 

7529 

7571 

7613 

7654 

7696 

7738 

7780 

32 

7822 

7865 

7907 

7949 

7992 

8035 

8078 

8121 

8164 

8207 

33 

8250 

8293 

8337 

8381 

8424 

8468 

8512 

8556 

8600 

8645 

34 

8689 

8733 

8778 

8823 

8868 

8913 

8958 

9003 

9048 

9093 

35 

9139 

9185 

9230 

9276 

9322 

9368 

9414 

9461 

9507 

9553 

36 

9600 

9647 

9694 

9741 

9788 

9835 

9882 

9929 

9977 

10025 

37 

10072 

10120 

10168 

10216 

10264 

10313 

10361 

10409 

10458 

10507 

38 

10556 

10605 

10654 

10703 

10752 

10801 

10851 

10901 

10950 

11000 

39 

11050 

11100 

11150 

11200 

11251 

11301 

11352 

11403 

11454 

11505 

40 

11556 

11607 

11658 

11709 

11761 

11813 

11864 

11916 

11968 

12020 

41 

12072 

12125 

12177 

12229 

12282 

12335 

12388 

12441 

12494 

12547 

42 

12600 

12653 

12707 

12761 

12814 

12868 

12922 

12976 

13030 

13085 

43 

13139 

13193 

13248 

13303 

1  3358 

13413 

13468 

13523 

13578 

13633 

44 

13689 

13745 

13800 

13856 

13912 

13968 

14024 

14081 

14137 

14193 

45 

14250 

14307 

14364 

14421 

14478 

14535 

14592 

14649 

14707 

4765 

46 

14822 

14880 

14938 

14996 

15054 

15113 

15171 

15229 

15288 

15347 

47 

15406 

15465 

15524 

15583 

15642 

15701 

15761 

15821 

15880 

15940 

48 

16000 

16060 

16120 

16181 

16241 

16301 

16362 

16423 

16484 

6545 

49 

16606 

16667 

16728 

16789 

16851 

16913 

16974 

17036 

17098 

17160 

50 

17222 

17285 

17347 

17409 

17472 

17535 

17598 

17661 

17724 

7787 

1  51 

17850 

17913 

17977 

18041 

18104 

18168 

18232 

18296 

18360 

8425 

52 

18489 

18553 

18618 

18683 

18748 

18813 

18878 

18943 

19008  19073 

53 

19139 

19205 

19270 

19336 

19402 

19468 

19534 

19601 

9667  19733 

54 

19800 

19867 

19934 

20000 

20068 

20135 

20202 

20269 

20337  20405 

55 

20472 

20540 

20608 

20676 

20744 

20813 

20881 

20949 

21018  21087 

56 

21156 

21225 

21294 

21363 

21432 

21501 

21571 

21641 

21710  21780 

57 

21850 

21920 

21990 

22061 

22131 

22201 

22272 

22343 

22414  ,22485 

58 

22556 

22627 

22698 

22769 

22841 

22913 

22984 

23056 

23128 

23200 

59 

23272 

23345 

23417 

23489 

23562 

23635 

23708 

23781 

23854 

23927 

60 

74000 

24073 

24147 

24221 

24294 

24368 

24442 

24516  124590 

24665 

For  continuation  to  170  feet  see  table  15. 


SIDE-SLOPES 

''"  ROAD  WAY  18  FT 


Plate  71. 


sim:  SLOPES  ' 

ROAD  WAY  l»  FT 


27 


TABLE  6.— LEVEL  CUTTINGS. 
Roadway  \Sfeet  wide,  side-slopes  2  to  1. 


Depth 
in  ft. 

•0 

., 

•2 

•3 

•4 

•5 

•6 

•7 

•8 

•9 

;u.  yds.  cu.  yds. 

^u.  yds. 

u.  yds. 

u.  y<1>. 

cu.  yds. 

u.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

0 

6-74 

13-6 

20-7 

27-9 

35-2 

42-7 

50-3 

58-1 

66-0 

1 

74-1 

82-3 

90-7 

99-2 

107-9 

116-7 

125-6 

134-7 

144-0 

153-4 

2 

163-0 

172-7 

182-5 

192-5 

202-7 

213-0 

223-4 

234-0 

244-7 

255-6 

3 

266-7 

277-9 

289-2 

300-7 

312-3 

324-1 

336-0 

348-1 

360-3 

372-7 

4 

385-2 

397-9 

410-? 

423-6 

436-7 

450-0 

463-4 

477-0 

490.7 

504.5 

5 

518-5 

532-7 

547  -t 

561-4 

576-0 

590-7 

605-6 

620-7 

635-9 

651-2 

6 

666-7 

682-3 

698-1 

714-0 

730-1 

746-3 

762-7 

779-2 

795-9 

812-7 

7 

829-6 

846-7 

864-0 

881-4 

899-0 

916-7 

934-5 

952-5 

970-7 

989-0 

8 

1007 

1026 

1045 

1064 

1083 

1102 

1121 

1141 

1160 

1180 

9 

1200 

1220 

1240 

1261 

1281 

1302 

1323 

1344 

1365 

1386 

10 

1407 

1429 

1451 

1473 

1495 

1517 

1539 

1561 

1584 

1607 

11 

1630 

1653 

1676 

1699 

1723 

1746 

1770 

1794 

1818 

1842 

12 

1867 

1891 

1916 

1941 

1966 

1991 

2016 

2041 

2067 

2093 

13 

2119 

2145 

2171 

2197 

2223 

2250 

2277 

2304 

2331 

2358 

14 

2385 

2413 

2440 

2468 

2496 

2524 

2552 

2581 

2609 

2638 

15 

2667 

2696 

2725 

2754 

2783 

2813 

2843 

2873 

2903 

2933 

16 

2963 

2993 

3024 

3055 

3086 

3117 

3148 

3179 

3211 

3242 

17 

3274 

3306 

3338 

3370 

3403 

3435 

3468 

3501 

3534 

3567 

IS 

3600 

3633 

3667 

3701 

3735 

3769 

3803 

3837 

3871 

3906 

19 

3941 

3976 

4011 

4046 

4081 

4117 

4152 

4188 

4224 

4260 

20 

4296 

4333 

4369 

4406 

4443 

4480 

4517 

4554 

4591 

4629 

21 

4667 

4705 

4743 

4781 

4819 

4857 

4896 

4935 

4974 

5013 

22 

5052 

5091 

5131 

5170 

5210 

5250 

5290 

5330 

5371 

5411 

23 

5452 

5493 

5534 

5575 

5616 

5657 

5699 

5741 

5783 

5825 

24 

5867 

G909 

5951 

5994 

6037 

6080 

6123 

6166 

6209 

6253 

25 

6296 

6340 

6384 

6428 

6472 

6517 

6561 

6606 

6651 

6696 

26 

6741 

6786 

6831 

6877 

6923 

6969 

7015 

7061 

7107 

7153 

27 

7200 

7247 

7294 

7341 

7388 

7435 

7483 

7530 

7578 

7626 

28 

7674 

7722 

7771 

7819 

7868 

7917 

7966 

8015 

8064 

8113 

29 

8163 

8213 

8263 

8313 

8363 

8413 

8463 

8514 

8565 

8616 

30 

8667 

8718 

8769 

8821 

8872 

8924 

8976 

9028 

9080 

9133 

31 

9185 

9238 

9291 

9344 

9397 

9450 

9503 

9557 

9611 

9665 

32 

9719 

9773 

9827 

9881 

9936 

9991 

10046 

10101 

10156 

J0211 

33 

10267 

10322 

10378 

10434 

10490 

10546 

10603 

10659 

10716 

10773 

34 

10830 

10887 

10944 

11001 

11059 

11117 

11175 

11233 

11291 

11349 

35 

11407 

11466 

11525 

11584 

11643 

11702 

11761 

11821 

11880 

11940 

36  12000 

12060 

12120 

12181 

12241 

12302 

12363 

12424 

12485 

12546 

37 

12607 

12669 

12731 

12793 

12855 

12917 

12979 

13041 

13104 

13167 

38 

13230 

13293 

13356 

13419 

13482 

13546 

13610 

13674 

13738 

13802 

39 

13867 

13931 

13996 

14061 

14126 

14191 

14256 

14321 

14387 

14453 

40 

14519 

14585 

14651 

14717 

14783 

14850 

14917 

14984 

15051 

15118 

41 

15185 

15253 

15320 

15388 

15456 

15524 

15592 

15661 

15729 

15798 

42 

15867 

15936 

16005 

16074 

16143 

16213 

16283 

16353 

16423 

16493 

43 

16563 

16633 

16704 

16775 

16846 

16917 

16988 

17059 

17131 

17202 

44 

17274 

17346 

17418 

17490 

17563 

17635 

17708 

17781 

17854 

17927 

45 

18000 

18073 

18147 

18221 

18295 

18369 

18443 

18517 

18591 

18666 

46 

18741 

18816 

18891 

18966 

19041 

19117 

19192 

19268 

19344 

19420 

47 

19496 

19573 

19649 

19726 

19803 

19880 

19957 

20034 

20111 

20189 

48 

20267 

20345 

20423 

20501 

20579 

20657 

20736 

20815 

20894 

20973 

49 

21052 

21131 

21211 

21290  J21370 

21450 

21530 

21610 

21691  121771 

50  '21852 

21933 

22014 

22095 

22176 

22257 

22339 

22421 

22503  122585 

51 

22667 

22749 

22831 

22914 

22997 

23080 

23163 

23246 

23329 

23413 

52 

23496 

23580 

23664 

23748 

23832 

23917 

24001 

24086 

24171 

24256 

53 

21341 

24426 

24511 

24597 

24683 

24769 

24855 

24941 

25027 

25113 

54 

25200 

25287 

25374 

25461 

25548 

25635 

25723 

25810 

25898 

25986 

55 

26074 

26162 

26251 

26339 

26428 

26517 

26606 

26695 

26784 

26873 

56 

26963 

27053 

27143 

27233 

27323 

27413 

27503 

27594 

27685 

27776 

57 

27867 

27958  28049 

28141 

28232  28324 

28416 

28508 

28600 

28693 

58 

28785  28878  28971 

29064 

29157  29250 

29343 

29437 

29531 

29625 

59 

29719  29813  29907 

30001 

30096  30191 

30286 

30381 

30476 

30571 

60 

30667  |30762  30858 

30954 

31050  31146  J31242 

31339 

31436 

31533 

For  continuation  to  170  feet,  see  table  15. 


28 


T>.BLE7.— LEVEL  CUTTINGS. 
Roadway  28  feet  wide,  side-slopes  1  to  1. 


Depth 
in  ft. 

•0 

1. 

•2 

•3 

•4 

•5 

•6 

•7 

•8 

•9 

cu.  yds 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

0 

10-4 

20-9 

31-4 

42-1 

52-8 

63-6 

74-4 

85-3 

96-3 

1 

107-4 

118-6 

129-8 

141-1 

152-4 

163.9 

175-4 

187-0 

198-7 

210-4 

2 

222-2 

234-1 

246-1 

258-1 

270-2 

282-4 

294.7 

307-0 

319-4 

331-9 

3 

344-4 

357-1 

369-8 

382-6 

395-4 

408-3 

421-3 

434-4 

447-6 

460-8 

4, 

474-1 

487-4 

500-9 

514-4 

528-0 

541-7 

555-4 

569-2 

583-1 

597-1 

5 

611-1 

625-2 

639-4 

653-7 

668-0 

682-4 

696-9 

711-4 

726-1 

740-8 

6 

755-6 

770-4 

785-4 

800-4 

815-5 

830-6 

845-8 

861-1 

876-5 

891-9 

7 

907-5 

923-0 

938-7 

954-5 

970-3 

986-2 

1002 

1018 

1034 

1050 

8 

1067 

1083 

1099 

1116 

1132 

1149 

1166 

1182 

1199 

1216 

9 

1233 

1250 

1267 

1285 

1302 

1319 

1337 

1354 

1372 

1390 

10 

1407 

1425 

1443 

1461 

1479 

1497 

1515 

1534 

1552 

1570 

11 

1589 

1607 

1626 

1645 

1664 

1682 

1701 

1720 

1739 

1759 

12 

1778 

1797 

1816 

1836 

1855 

1875 

1895 

1914 

1934 

1954 

13 

1974 

1994 

2014 

2034 

2055 

2075 

2095 

2116 

2136 

2157 

14 

2178 

2199 

2219 

2240 

2261 

2282 

2304 

2325 

2346 

2367 

15 

2389 

2410 

2432 

2454 

2475 

2497 

2519 

2541 

2563 

2585 

16 

2607 

2630 

2652 

2674 

2697 

2719 

2742 

2765 

2788 

2810 

17 

2833 

2856 

2879 

2903 

2926 

2949 

2972 

2996 

3019 

3043 

18 

3067 

3090 

3114 

3138 

3162 

3186 

3210 

3234 

3259 

3283 

19 

3307 

3332 

3356 

3381 

3406 

3431 

3455 

3480 

3505 

3530 

20 

3556 

3581 

3606 

3631 

3657 

3682 

3708 

3734 

3759 

3785 

21 

3811 

3837 

3863 

3889 

3915 

3942 

3968 

3994 

4021 

4047 

22 

4074 

4101 

4128 

4154 

4181 

4208 

4235 

4263 

4290 

4317 

23 

4344 

4372 

4399 

4427 

4455 

4482 

4510 

4538 

4566 

4594 

24 

4622 

4650 

4679 

4707 

4735 

4764 

4792 

4821 

4850 

4879 

25 

4907 

4936 

4965 

4994 

5024 

5053 

5082 

5111 

5141 

5170 

26 

5200 

5230 

5259 

5289 

5319 

5349 

5379 

5409 

5439 

5470 

27 

5500 

5530 

5561 

5591 

5622 

5653 

5684 

5714 

5745 

5776 

28 

5807 

5839 

5870 

5901 

5932 

5964 

5995 

6027 

6059 

6090 

29 

6122 

6154 

6186 

6218 

6250 

6282 

6315 

6347 

6379 

6412 

30 

6444 

6477 

6510 

6543 

6575 

6608 

6641 

6674 

6708 

6741 

31 

6774 

6807 

6841 

6874 

G908 

6942 

6975 

7009 

7043 

7077 

32 

7111 

7145 

7179 

7214 

7248 

7282 

7317 

7351 

7386 

7421 

33 

7456 

7490 

7525 

7560 

7595 

7631 

7666 

7701 

7736 

7772 

34 

7807 

7843 

7879 

7914 

7950 

7986 

8022 

8058 

8094 

8130 

35 

8167 

8203 

8239 

8276 

8312 

8349 

8386 

8423 

8459 

8496 

36 

8533 

8570 

S^O* 

8645 

8682 

8719 

8757 

8794 

8832 

8870 

37 

8907 

8945 

8983 

9021 

9059 

9097 

9135 

9174 

9212 

9250 

38 

9289 

9327 

9366 

9405 

9444 

9482 

9521 

9560 

9599 

9639 

39 

9678 

9717 

9756 

9796 

9835 

9875 

9915 

9954 

9994 

10034 

40 

10074 

10114 

10154 

10194 

10235 

10275 

10315 

10356 

10396 

10437 

41 

10478 

10519 

10559 

10600 

10641 

10682 

10724 

10765 

10806 

10847 

42 

10889 

10930 

10972 

11014 

11055 

11097 

11139 

11181 

11223 

11265 

43 

11307 

11350 

11392 

11434 

11477 

11519 

1  1562 

11605 

11648 

11690 

44 

11733 

11776 

11819 

11863 

11906 

11949 

11992 

12036 

12079 

12123 

45 

12167 

12210 

12254 

12298 

12342 

12386 

12430 

12474 

12519 

12563 

46 

12607 

12652 

12696 

12741 

12786 

12831 

12875 

12920 

12965 

13010 

47 

13056 

13101 

13146 

13191 

13237 

13282 

13328 

13374 

13419 

13465 

48 

13511 

13557 

13603 

13649 

13695 

13742 

13788 

13834 

13881 

13927 

49 

13974 

14021 

14068 

14114 

14161 

14208 

14255 

14303 

14350 

14397 

50 

14444 

14492 

14539 

14587 

14635 

14682 

14730 

14778 

14826 

14874 

51 

14922 

14970 

15019 

15067 

15115 

15164 

15212 

15261 

15310 

15359 

52 

15407 

15456 

15505 

15554 

15604 

15653 

15702 

15751 

15801 

15850 

53 

15900 

15950 

15999 

16049 

16099 

16149 

16199 

16249 

16299 

16350 

54 

16400 

16450 

16501 

16551 

16602 

16653 

16704 

16754 

16805 

16856 

55 

16907 

16959 

17010 

17061 

17112 

17164 

17215 

17267 

17319 

17370 

56 

17422 

17474 

17526 

17578 

17630 

17682 

17735 

17787 

17839 

17892 

57 

17944 

17997 

18050 

18103 

18155 

18208 

18261 

18314 

18368 

18421 

58 

18474 

18527 

18581 

18634 

18688 

18742 

18795 

18849 

18903 

18957 

59 

19011 

19065 

19119 

19174 

19228 

19282 

19337 

19391 

19446 

19501 

60 

19556 

19610 

19665 

19720 

19775 

19831 

19886 

19941 

19996 

20052 

For  continuation  to  170  feet  see  table  15. 


Hi) 


29 


TABLE  8.— LEVEL  CUTTINGS 
Roadway  28  feet  ivide,  side-slopes  l±  to  1, 


Depth 
in  ft. 

0 

•1 

•2 

•3 

•4 

•5 

•6 

,- 

•8 

9. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

0 

10-4 

20-9 

31-5 

42-2 

53-0 

63-9 

74-9 

85-9 

97-1 

1 

108-3 

119-7 

131-1 

142-7 

154-3 

166-0 

177-8 

189-7 

201-7 

2138 

2 

225-9 

238-2 

250-6 

263-0 

275-6 

288-2 

301-0 

313-8 

326-7 

339-8 

3 

352-8 

366-0 

379-3 

392-7 

406-2 

419-8 

433-4 

447-2 

461-1 

475-0 

4 

488-9 

503-0 

517-3 

531-6 

546-0 

560-5 

575-1 

589-8 

604-6 

619-5 

5 

634-4 

649-5 

664-7 

679-9 

695.3 

710-7 

726-2 

741-9 

757-6 

773-4 

6 

788-9 

804-9 

821-0 

837-2 

853-4 

869-8 

886-3 

902-8 

919-5 

9362 

7 

952-8 

969-8 

986-8 

1004 

1021 

1038 

1056 

1073 

1091 

1109 

8 

1126 

1144 

1162 

1180 

1198 

1216 

1234 

1252 

1271 

1289 

9 

1308 

1327 

1346 

1365 

1384 

1403 

1422 

1442 

1461 

1481 

10 

1500 

1520 

1540 

1559 

1579 

1599 

1620 

1610 

1660 

1681 

11 

1701 

1722 

1742 

1763 

1784 

1805 

1826 

1847 

1869 

1890 

12 

1911 

1933 

1954 

1976 

1998 

2020 

2042 

2064 

2086 

2109 

13 

2131 

2153 

2175 

2198 

2221 

2244 

2267 

2290 

2313 

2336 

14 

2359 

2382 

2406 

2429 

2453 

2477 

2501 

2525 

2549 

2573 

15 

2597 

2622 

2646 

2671 

2695 

2720 

2745 

2770 

2795 

2820 

16 

2844 

2870 

2895 

2921 

2946 

2971 

2998 

3023 

3049 

3075 

17 

3101 

3127 

3153 

3180 

3206 

3233 

3259 

3286 

3313 

3340 

18 

3367 

3393 

3421 

3448 

3475 

3503 

3531 

3558 

3586 

3614 

19 

3641 

3669 

3698 

3726 

3754 

3782 

3811 

3840 

3868 

3897 

20 

3925 

3954 

3984 

4013 

4042 

4071 

4101 

4130 

4160 

4189 

21 

4219 

4249 

4279 

4309 

4339 

4369 

4399 

4430 

4460 

4491 

22 

4522 

4553 

4584 

4615 

4646 

4677 

4708 

4740 

4771 

4803 

23 

4834 

4866 

4898 

4930 

4962 

4994 

5026 

5058 

5091 

5123 

24 

5156 

5188 

5221 

5254 

5287 

5320 

5353 

5386 

5419 

5453 

25 

5486 

5520 

5553 

5587 

5621 

5655 

5689 

5723 

5757 

5791 

26 

5826 

5860 

5895 

5930 

5964 

5999 

6034 

6069 

6104 

6140 

27 

6175 

6210 

6246 

6282 

6317 

6353 

6389 

6425 

6461 

6497 

28 

6533 

6570 

6606 

6643 

6679 

6716 

6753 

6790 

6827 

6864 

29 

6901 

6938 

6976 

7013 

7051 

7088 

7126 

7164 

7202 

7240 

30 

7278 

7316 

7354 

7393 

7431 

7470 

7508 

7547 

7586 

7625 

31 

7664 

7703 

7742 

7781 

7821 

7860 

7900 

7940 

7979 

8019 

32 

8059 

8099 

8139 

8180 

8220 

8260 

8301 

8341 

8382 

8423 

33 

8464 

8505 

8546 

8587 

8628 

8669 

8711 

8752 

8794 

8836 

34 

8878 

8920 

8962 

9004 

9046 

9088 

9131 

9173 

9216 

9258 

35 

9301 

9344 

9387 

9430 

9473 

9516 

9559 

9603 

9646 

9689 

36 

9733 

9777 

9821 

9865 

9909 

9953 

9997 

10041 

10086 

10130  ' 

37 

10175 

10220 

10264 

10309 

10354 

10399 

10445 

10490 

10535 

10580 

38 

10626 

10672 

10717 

10763 

10809 

10855 

10901 

10947 

10993 

11040 

39 

11086 

11133 

11179 

11226 

11273 

11320 

11367 

11414 

11461 

11508 

40 

11556 

11603 

11651 

11698 

11746 

11794 

11842 

11890 

11938 

11986 

41 

12035 

12083 

12131 

12180 

12228 

12277 

12326 

12375 

12424 

12473 

42 

12522 

12572 

12621 

12671 

12720 

12770 

12819 

12869 

12919 

12969 

43 

13019 

13069 

13120 

13171 

13221 

13272 

13322 

13373 

13424 

13475 

44 

13526 

13577 

13628 

13680 

13731 

13782 

13834 

13886 

13938 

13990 

45 

14042 

14094 

14146 

14198 

14251 

14303 

14356 

14408 

14461 

14514 

46 

14567 

14620 

14673 

14726 

14779 

14833 

14886 

14940 

14993 

15047 

47 

15101 

15155 

15209 

15263 

15317 

15372 

15426 

15480 

15535 

15590 

48 

15644 

15699 

15754 

15810 

15864 

15920 

15975 

16030 

16086 

16142 

49 

16197 

16253 

16309 

16365 

16421 

16477 

16533 

16590 

16646 

16703 

50 

16759 

16816 

16873 

16930 

16987 

17044 

17101 

17158 

17216 

17273 

51 

17331 

17388 

17446 

17504 

17562 

17620 

17678 

17736 

17794 

17853 

52 

17911 

17970 

18028 

18087 

18146 

18205 

18264 

18323 

18382 

18442 

53 

18500 

18560 

18620 

18680 

18739 

18799 

18859 

18919 

18980 

19040 

54 

19100 

19160 

19220 

19282 

19342 

19403 

19464 

19525 

19586 

19647 

55 

19708 

19770 

19831 

19893 

19954 

20016 

20078 

20140 

20202 

20264 

56 

20326 

20388 

20451 

20513 

20576 

20639 

20701 

20764 

20827 

20890 

57 

20953 

21016 

21079 

21143 

21206 

212,70 

21333 

21397 

21461 

21525 

58 

21589  21653 

21717 

21782 

21846 

21911 

21975 

22040 

22104 

22169 

59 

22234 

22299 

22364 

22430 

22495 

22561 

22626 

22692 

22758 

22823 

60 

22889 

22955 

23021 

23087 

23153 

23220 

23286 

23353 

23419 

23486 

For  continuation  to  170  feet  see  Table  15. 


30 


TABLE  9.— LEVEL  CUTTINGS. 

Roadway  28  feet  wide,  side-slopes  1^  to  1. 


Depth 
in  ft. 

•0 

•1 

•2 

•3 

•4 

•5 

•6 

•7 

•8 

•9 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

0 

10-4 

21-0 

31-6 

42-4 

53-2 

64-2 

75-3 

86-5 

97-9 

1 

109-3 

120-8 

132-5 

144-3 

156-1 

168-1 

180-2 

192-4 

204-8  217-2 

2 

229-6 

242-3 

255-0 

267-9 

280-9 

294-0 

307-2   320-5 

334-01  347-5 

3 

361-2 

374-9 

388-8 

402-8 

416-9 

431-1 

445-4 

459-9 

474-4 

489-1 

4 

503-7 

518-6 

533-6 

548-6 

563-9 

579-3 

594-7 

610-2 

625.8 

641-6 

5 

657-5 

673-4 

689-5 

705-7 

722-1 

738-5 

755-0 

771-7 

788-4 

805-3 

6 

822-2 

839-3 

856-5 

873-8 

891-2 

908-8 

926-4 

944-2 

962-0 

980-0 

7 

998-1 

1016 

1035 

1053 

1072 

1090 

1109 

1128 

1147 

1166 

8 

1185 

1204 

1224 

1243 

1263 

1283 

1303 

1322 

1343 

1363 

9 

1383 

1403 

1424 

1445 

1465 

1486 

1507 

1528 

1549 

1571 

10 

1592 

1614 

1635 

1657 

1679 

1701 

1723 

1745 

1767 

1790 

11 

1812 

1835 

1858 

1881 

1904 

1927 

1950 

1973 

1997 

2020 

12 

2044 

2068 

2092 

2116 

2140 

2164 

2189 

2213 

2238 

2262 

13 

2287 

2312 

2337 

2362 

2387 

2413 

2438 

2464 

2489 

2515 

H 

2541 

2567 

2593 

2619 

2645 

2672 

2698 

2725 

2752 

2779 

15 

2806 

2833 

2860 

2887 

2915 

2942 

2970 

2997 

3025 

3053 

16 

3081 

3109 

3138 

3166 

3195 

3223 

3252 

3281 

3310 

3339 

17 

3368 

3397 

3427 

3456 

3486 

3516 

3546 

3576 

3606 

3636 

18 

3667 

3697 

3728 

3758 

3789 

3820 

3851 

3882 

3913 

3944 

19 

3976 

4007 

4039 

4070 

4102 

4134 

4166 

4198 

4231 

4263 

20 

4296 

4328 

4361 

4394 

4427 

4460 

4493 

4527 

4560 

4594 

21 

4627 

4661 

4695 

4729 

4763 

4797 

4832 

4866 

4900 

4935 

22 

4970 

5005 

5040 

5075 

5111  ; 

5146 

5181 

5217 

5253 

5288 

23 

5324 

5360 

5396 

5432 

5469 

5505 

5542 

5578 

5615 

5652 

24 

5689 

5726 

5763 

5800 

5838 

5875 

5913 

5951 

5989 

6027 

25 

6065 

6103 

6141 

6179 

6218 

6257 

6295 

6334 

6373 

6412 

26 

6451 

6491 

6530 

6570 

6609 

6649 

6689 

6729 

6769 

6809 

27 

6850 

6890 

6931 

6971 

7012 

7053 

7094 

7135 

7176 

7217 

28 

7259 

7300 

7342 

7384 

7426 

7468 

7510 

7552 

7594 

7637 

29 

7680 

7722 

7765 

7808 

7851 

7894 

7937 

7981 

8024 

8067 

30 

8111 

8155 

8199 

8243 

8287 

8331 

8375 

8420 

8464 

8509 

31 

8554 

8598 

8643 

8688 

8734 

8779 

8824 

8870 

8915 

8961 

32 

9007 

9053 

9099 

9145 

9191 

9238 

9284 

9331 

9378 

9425 

33 

9472 

9519 

9566 

9613 

9661 

9708 

9756 

9804 

9851 

9900 

34 

9948 

9997 

10045 

10093 

10142 

10190 

10239 

10288 

10337 

10386 

35 

10435 

10484 

10534 

10583 

10633. 

10683 

10732 

10782 

10832  1  10882 

36 

10933 

10983 

11034 

11084 

11135 

11186 

11237 

11288 

11339 

11391 

37 

11443 

11494 

11546 

11598 

11649 

11701 

11753 

11806 

11858 

11910 

38 

11963 

12016 

12068 

12121 

12174 

12227 

12281 

12334 

12387 

12441 

39 

12494 

12548 

12602 

12656 

12710 

12764 

12819 

12873 

12928 

12982 

40 

13037 

13092 

13147 

13202 

13257 

13312 

13368 

13423 

13479 

13535 

41 

13591 

13647 

13703 

13759 

13815 

13872 

13928 

13985 

14042 

14099 

42 

14156 

14213 

14270 

14327 

14385 

14442 

14500 

14558 

14615 

14673 

43 

14731 

14790 

14848 

14906 

14965 

15024 

15082 

15141 

15200 

15259 

44 

15318 

15378 

15437 

15497 

15556 

15616 

15676 

15736 

15796 

15856 

45 

15917 

15977 

16038 

16098 

16159 

16220 

16281 

16342 

16403 

16465 

46 

16526 

16587 

16649 

16711 

16773 

16835 

16897 

16959 

17021 

17084 

47 

17146 

17209 

17272 

17335 

17398 

17461 

17524 

17587 

17651 

17714 

48 

17778 

17842 

17905 

17969 

18033 

18098 

18162 

18226 

18291 

18356 

49 

18420 

18485 

18550 

18615 

18680 

18746 

18811 

18877 

18942 

1900M 

50 

19074 

19140 

19206 

19272 

19339 

19405 

19472 

19538 

19605 

1  9672 

51 

19739 

19806 

19873 

19940 

20008 

20075 

20143 

20211 

20279 

20347 

52 

20415 

20483 

20551 

20620 

20688 

20757 

20826 

20894 

20963 

21032 

53 

21102 

21171 

21241 

21310 

21380 

21450 

21519 

21589 

21659 

21730 

54 

21800 

21870 

21941 

22012 

22082 

22153 

22224 

22295 

22366 

22438 

55 

22509 

22581 

22652 

22724 

22796 

22868 

22940 

23012 

23085 

23157 

56 

23230 

23302 

23375 

23448 

23521 

23594 

23667 

23741 

23814 

23888 

57 

23961 

24035 

24109 

24183 

24257 

24331 

24405 

24480 

24554 

24629 

58 

24704 

24779 

24854 

24929 

25004 

25079 

25155 

25230 

25306 

25381 

59 

25457 

25533 

25609 

25686 

25762 

25838 

25915 

25992 

26068 

26145 

60 

26222 

26299 

26376 

26454 

26531 

26609 

26686 

26764 

26842 

26920 

For  continuation  to  170  feet  see  table  15. 


(ill 


10 

•^ 


'  s^f-'S>(s&/^  SIDE-SLOPESlltol. 

£v/  /»// V**"    tr*S' jF-"/jSr ^X/ 

For KrcaYiTtitm . 


^-r^L< 


./0SP3% 


SIDE-SLOPES  2tol. 

ROADWAY  2  8  FT 

Far  Excavation/. 


31 


TABLK  10.— LEVEL  CUTTINGS. 

Roadway  28  feet  wide,  side-slopes  2  to 


Depth 
inrt. 

•0 

•1 

•2 

•3 

•4 

5. 

•6 

•7 

•8 

•9 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

:u.  yds. 

cu.  yds 

cu.  yds. 

:u.  yds. 

:u.  yds. 

u.  vds. 

u.  yds. 

0 

10-4 

21-0 

31-8 

42-7 

53-7 

64-9 

76-2 

87-7 

99-3 

1 

111-1 

123-0 

135-1 

147-3 

159-7 

172-2 

184-9 

197-7 

210-7 

223-8 

2 

237-0 

250-4 

264-0 

277-7 

291-6 

305-6 

319-7 

334-0 

348-4 

363-0 

3 

377-8 

392-7 

407-7 

422-9 

438-2 

453-7 

469-3 

485-1 

501-0 

517-1 

4 

533-3 

549-7 

566-2 

582-9 

599-7 

616-6 

633-7 

651-0 

668-4 

686-0 

5 

703-7 

721-5 

739-5 

757-7 

776-0 

794-4 

813-0 

831-7 

850-6 

869-6 

6 

888-9 

908-2 

927-7 

948-3 

968-1 

988-1 

1008 

1028 

1049 

1069 

7 

1090 

1111 

1132 

1153 

1174 

1195 

1217 

1239 

1260 

1282 

8 

1305 

1327 

1349 

1372 

1391 

1417 

1440 

1464 

1487 

1510 

9 

1533 

1557 

1581 

1605 

1629 

1654 

1678 

1703 

1728 

1753 

10 

1778 

1803 

1828 

1854 

1880 

1905 

1931 

1958 

1984 

2010 

11 

2037 

2064 

2091 

2118 

2145 

2172 

2200 

2227 

2255 

2283 

12 

2311 

2339 

2368 

2396 

2425 

2454 

2483 

2512 

2541 

2570 

13 

2600 

2630 

2659 

2689 

2720 

2750 

2780 

2811 

2842 

2873 

14 

2904 

2935 

2966 

2998 

3029 

3061 

3093 

3125 

3157 

3190 

15 

3222 

3255 

3288 

3321 

3354 

3387 

3420 

3454 

3488 

3521 

16 

3555 

3590 

3624 

3658 

3693 

3728 

3763 

3798 

3833 

3868 

17 

3904 

3939 

3975 

4011 

4047 

4083 

4120 

4156 

4193 

4230 

18 

4267 

4304 

4341 

4378 

4416 

4454 

4492 

4529 

4568 

4606 

19 

4644 

4683 

4722 

4761 

4800 

4839 

4878 

4918 

4957 

4997 

20 

5037 

5077 

5117 

5158 

5198 

5239 

5280 

5321 

5362 

5403 

21 

5444 

5486 

5528 

5570 

5612 

5654 

5696 

5738 

5781 

5824 

22 

5867 

5910 

5953 

5996 

6040 

6083 

6127 

6171 

6215 

6259 

23 

6303 

6348 

6393 

6438 

6483 

6528 

6573 

6618 

6664 

6710 

24 

6756 

6802 

6848 

6894 

6941 

6987 

7034 

7081 

7128 

7175 

25 

7222 

7270 

7317 

7365 

7413 

7461 

7509 

7558 

7606 

7655 

26 

7704 

7753 

7802 

7851 

7900 

7950 

8000 

8049 

8099 

8150 

27 

8200 

8250 

8301 

8352 

8403 

8454 

8505 

8556 

8608 

8659 

28 

8711 

8763 

8815 

8867 

8920 

8972 

9025 

9078 

9131 

9184 

29 

9237 

0290 

9344 

9398 

9451 

9506 

9560 

9614 

9668 

9723 

30 

9778 

9833 

9888 

9943 

9998 

10054 

10109 

10165 

10221 

10277 

31 

10333 

10390 

10446 

10503 

10560 

10617 

10674 

10731 

10788 

10846 

32 

10904 

10961 

11019 

11078 

11136 

11194 

11253 

11312 

11371 

11430 

33 

11489 

11548 

11608 

11667 

11727 

11787 

11847 

11907 

119fi8 

12028 

34 

12089 

12150 

12211 

12272 

12333 

12394 

12456 

12518 

12580 

12642 

|  35 

12704 

12766 

12828 

12891 

12954 

13017 

13080 

13143 

13206 

13270 

36  *  13333 

13397 

13461 

13525 

13589 

13654 

13718 

13783 

13848 

13913 

37 

13978 

14043 

14108 

14174 

14240 

14305 

14371 

14438 

14504 

14570 

38 

14637 

14704 

14770 

14838 

14905 

14972 

15040 

15107 

15175 

15243 

39 

15311 

15379 

15448 

15516 

15585 

15654 

15723 

15792 

15861 

15930 

40 

16000 

16070 

16140 

16210 

16280 

16350 

16420 

16491 

16562 

16633 

41 

16704 

16775 

16846 

16918 

16989 

17061 

17133 

17205 

17277 

17350 

42 

17422 

17495 

17568 

17641 

17714   17787 

17860 

17934 

18008 

18081 

43 

18156 

18230 

18304 

18378 

18453 

18528 

18603 

18678 

18753 

18828 

44 

18904 

18979 

19055 

19131 

19207 

19283 

19360 

19436 

19513 

19590 

45 

19667 

19744 

19821 

19898 

19976 

20054 

20132 

20210 

20288 

20366 

46 

20444 

20523 

20602 

20681 

20760 

20839 

20918 

20998 

21077 

21157 

47 

21237 

21317 

21397 

21478 

21558 

21639 

21720 

21801 

21882 

21963 

48 

22044 

22126 

22208 

22290 

22372 

22454 

22536 

22618 

22701 

22784 

49 

22867 

22950 

23033 

23116 

23200 

23283 

23367 

23451 

23535 

23619 

50 

23704 

23788 

23873 

23958 

24043 

24128 

24213 

24298 

24384 

24470 

51 

24556 

24642 

24728 

24814 

24900 

24987 

25074 

25161 

25248 

25335 

52 

25422 

25510 

25597 

25865 

25773 

25861 

25949 

26038 

26126 

26215 

53 

26304 

26393 

26482 

26571 

26660 

26750 

26840 

26930 

27020 

27110 

54 

27200 

27290 

27381 

27472 

27563 

27654 

27745 

27836 

27928 

28019 

55 

28111 

28203 

28295 

28387 

28480 

28572 

28665 

28758 

28851 

2894-1 

56 

29037 

29130 

29224 

29318 

29412 

29506 

29600 

29694 

29788 

29883 

57 

29978 

30073 

30168 

30263 

30358 

30454 

30549 

30645 

30741 

30837 

58 

30933 

31030 

31126 

31223 

31320 

31417 

31514 

31611 

31708 

31806 

59 

31904 

32002 

32100 

32198 

32296 

32394 

32493 

32592 

32691 

32790 

60  !32889 

3?O^K 

330S« 

33187 

33287 

3;J387 

33487 

33587 

33688 

33788 

For  continuation  tc  170  feet  see  table  16. 


32 

TABLE  11.— LEVEL  CUTTINGS. 
Roadway  IS  feet  wide,  side-slopes,  $  to  1. 


Depth 
in  ft. 

•0 

•1 

•2 

•3 

•4 

•5 

•6 

7. 

•8 

•9  i 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.yds. 

cu.yds.l 

0 

6-68 

13-4 

20-1 

26-8 

33-6 

40-3 

47-1 

53-9 

60-8 

1 

67-6 

74-5 

81-3 

88-2 

95-1 

102-1 

109-0 

116-0 

123-0 

130-0 

2 

137-0 

144-1 

151-1 

158-2 

165-3 

172-4 

179-5 

186-7 

193-9 

201-0 

3 

208-2 

215-5 

222-7 

230-0 

237-2 

244-5 

251-9 

259-2 

266-5 

274-0 

4 

281-5 

288-9 

296-3 

303-8 

311-3 

318-8 

326-3 

333-8 

341-3 

348-9 

5 

356-5 

364-1 

371-7 

379-3 

387-0 

394-7 

402-4 

410-1 

417-8 

425-6, 

6 

433-3 

441-1 

448-9 

456-7 

464-6 

472-5 

480-3 

488-2 

496-1 

504-  1, 

7 

512-0 

520-0 

528-0 

536-0 

544-1 

552-1 

560-2 

568-3 

576-4 

584-0 

8 

592-6 

600-8 

608-9 

617-1 

625-3 

633-6 

641-8 

650-1 

658-4 

666-7 

9 

675-0 

683-3 

691-7 

700-1 

708-5 

716-9 

725-3 

733-8 

742-3 

750-7 

10 

759-3 

767-8 

776-3 

784-9 

793-5 

802-1 

810-7 

819-3 

828-0 

836-7 

11 

845-4 

854-1 

862-8 

871-6 

880-3 

889-1 

897-9 

906-7 

915-6 

924-4 

12 

933-3 

942-2 

951-1 

960-1 

969-0 

978-0 

987-0 

996-0 

1005 

1014 

13 

1023 

1032 

1041 

1050 

1060 

1069 

1078 

1087 

1096 

1106 

14 

1115 

1124 

1133 

1143 

1152 

1161 

1171 

1180 

1189 

1199 

15 

1208 

1218 

1227 

1237 

1246 

1256 

1265 

1275 

1284 

1294 

16 

1304 

1313 

1323 

1333 

1342 

1352 

1362 

1372 

1381 

1391 

17 

1401 

1411 

1421 

1430 

1440 

1450 

1460 

1470 

1480 

1490 

18 

1500 

1510 

1520 

1530 

1540 

1550 

1560 

1570 

1580 

1591 

19 

1601 

1611 

1621 

1631 

1642 

1652 

1662 

1672 

16S3 

1693 

20 

1703 

1714 

1724 

1735 

1745 

1755 

1766 

1777 

1787 

1798 

21 

1808 

1818 

1829 

1840 

1850 

1861 

1872 

1883 

1894 

1905 

22 

1916 

1926 

1937 

1947 

1958 

1969 

1980 

1991 

2002 

2013 

23 

2024 

2035 

2046 

2057 

2068 

2079 

2090 

2101 

2111 

2122 

24 

2133 

2144 

2156 

2167 

2178 

2189 

2200 

2212 

2223 

2234 

25 

2245 

2256 

2268 

2279 

2290 

2301 

2313 

2324 

2336 

2347 

26 

2359 

2371 

2382 

2394 

2406 

2417 

2429 

2440 

2452 

2464 

27 

2475 

2486 

2498 

2510 

2521 

2533 

2545 

2557 

2569 

2581 

28 

2592 

2604 

2616 

2628 

2640 

2652 

2664 

2676 

2688 

2700 

29 

2712 

2724 

2736 

2748 

2760 

2772 

2784 

2797 

2809 

2821 

30 

2833 

2845 

2858 

2870 

2882 

2894 

2907 

2919 

2931 

2944 

31 

2956 

2969 

2981 

2994 

3006 

3018 

3031 

3044 

3056 

3069 

32 

3081 

3094 

3107 

3119 

3132 

3145 

3157 

3170 

3183 

3195 

33 

3208 

3221 

3234 

3247 

3260 

3272 

3285 

3298 

3311 

3324 

34 

3337 

3350 

3363 

3376 

3389 

3402 

3415 

3428 

3441 

3454 

35 

3467 

3481 

3494 

3507' 

3520 

3533 

3547 

3560 

3573 

3587 

36 

3600 

3613 

3627 

3640 

3653 

3667 

3680 

3694 

3707 

3721 

37 

3734 

3748 

3761 

3775 

3788 

3802 

3816 

3829 

3843 

3857 

38 

3870 

3884 

3898 

3911 

3925 

3939 

3953 

3967 

3980 

3994 

39 

4008 

4022 

4036 

4050 

4064 

4078 

4092 

4106 

4120 

4134 

40 

4148 

4162 

4176 

4190 

4205 

4219 

4233 

4247 

4261 

4275 

41 

4290 

4304 

4318 

4333 

4347 

4361 

4376 

4390 

4404 

4419 

42 

4433 

4448 

4462 

4477 

4491 

4506 

4520 

4535 

4549 

4564 

43 

4579 

4593 

4608 

4623 

4637 

4652 

4667 

4681 

4696 

4711 

44 

*4726 

4741 

4756 

4770 

4785 

4800 

4815 

4830 

4845 

4860 

45 

4875 

4890 

4905 

4920 

4935 

4950 

4965 

4980 

4995 

5011 

46 

5026 

5041 

5056 

5071 

5087 

5102 

5117 

5133 

5148 

5163 

47 

5179 

5194 

5209 

5225 

5240 

5256 

5271 

5287 

5302 

5318 

48 

5333 

5349 

5364 

5380 

5396 

5411 

5427 

5443 

5458 

5474 

49 

5490 

5505 

5521 

5537 

5553 

5569 

5585 

5600 

5616 

5632 

50 

5648 

5664 

5680 

5696 

5712 

5728 

5744 

5760 

5776 

5792 

51 

5808 

5824 

5840 

5857 

5873 

5889 

590o 

5921 

5938 

5954 

52 

5970 

5987 

6003 

6019 

6036 

6052 

6068 

6085 

6101 

6118 

53 

6134 

6151 

6167 

6184 

6200 

6217 

6233 

6250 

6267 

6283 

54 

6300 

6317 

6333 

6350 

6367 

6383 

6400 

6417 

6434 

6451 

55 

6468 

6484 

6501 

6518 

6535 

6552 

6569 

6586 

6603 

6620 

56 

6637 

6654 

6671 

6688 

6705 

6722 

6739 

6757 

6774 

6791 

57 

6808 

6825 

6843 

6860 

6877 

6895 

6912 

6929 

6947 

6964 

58 

6981 

6999 

7016 

7034 

7051 

7069 

7086 

7104 

7121 

7139 

59 

7156 

7174 

7192 

7209 

7227 

7245 

7262 

7280 

7298 

7315 

60 

7333 

7351 

7369 

7387 

7405 

7422 

7440 

7458 

7476 

7494 

For  continuation  to  170  feet  see  Table  15. 


33 


TABLE  12.— LEVEL  CUTTINGS. 

Roadway  Wfeet  wide,  side-slopes  \  to  I. 


Depth 
in  ft. 

•0 

•i 

•2 

•3 

•4 

•5 

•6 

•7 

•8 

•9 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds 

cu.  yds 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds.l 

0 

10-4 

20-8 

31-2    41-6 

52-1 

62-6 

73-0 

83-6 

94-1 

I 

104-6 

115-2 

125-8 

136-4 

147-0 

157-6 

168-3 

179-0 

189-7 

200-4 

2 

211-1 

221-9 

232-6 

243-4 

254-3 

265-1 

275-9 

286-8 

297-7 

308-6 

3 

319-4 

330-4 

341-3 

352-3 

363-3 

374-3 

385-4 

396-4 

407-5 

418-6 

4 

429-7 

440-8 

451-9 

463-1 

474-3 

485-5 

496-7 

508-0 

519-2 

530-5 

5 

541-7 

553-0 

564-3 

575-6 

587-0 

598-4 

609-7 

621-1 

632-6 

644-0 

6 

655-6 

667-1 

678-7 

690-3 

7020 

713-6 

725-3 

737-0 

747-7 

759-4 

7 

771-3 

783-0 

794-7 

806-4 

818-1 

829-9 

841-6 

853-4 

865-3 

877-1 

8 

888-9 

900-8 

912-6 

923-6 

935-5 

947-4 

959-4 

971-4 

983-4 

995-4 

9 

1007 

1019 

1032 

1044 

1056 

1068 

1080 

1092 

1105 

1117 

(0 

1130 

1142 

1154 

1166 

1179 

1191 

1203 

1216 

1228 

1240 

a 

1253 

1265 

1278 

1290 

1303 

1315 

1328 

1340 

1353 

1365 

12 

1378 

1390 

1403 

1416 

1428 

1441 

1454 

1466 

1479 

1492 

13 

1505 

1517 

1530 

1543 

1556 

1569 

1582 

1595 

1607 

1620 

14 

1633 

1646 

1659 

1672 

1685 

1699 

1712 

1725 

1738 

1751 

15 

1764   1777 

1790 

1803 

1817 

1830 

1843 

1856 

1870 

1883 

16 

1896 

1910 

1923 

1936 

1950 

1963 

1977 

1990 

2004 

2017 

17 

2031 

2044 

2058 

2071 

2085 

2098 

2112 

2126 

2139 

2153 

18 

2167 

2180 

2194 

2208 

2222 

2235 

2249 

2263 

2277 

2291 

19 

2305 

2318 

2332 

2346 

2360 

2374 

2388 

2402 

2416 

2430 

20 

2444 

2459 

2473 

2487 

2501 

2515 

2529 

2543 

2558 

2572 

21 

2586 

2600 

2615 

2629 

2643 

2658 

2672 

2686 

2701 

2715 

22 

2730 

2744 

2759 

2773 

2788 

2802 

2817 

2831 

2846 

2860 

23 

2875 

2890 

2904 

2919 

2934 

2948 

2963 

2978 

2993 

3007 

24 

3022 

3037 

3052 

3067 

3082 

3097 

3111 

3126 

3141 

3156 

25 

3171 

3186 

3201 

3216 

3232 

3247 

3262 

3277 

3292 

3307 

26 

3322 

3337 

3353 

3368 

3383 

3398 

3414 

3429 

3444 

3460 

27 

3475 

3490 

3506 

3521 

3537 

3552 

3568 

3583 

3599 

3614 

28 

3630 

3645 

3661 

3676 

3692 

3708 

3723 

3739 

3755 

3770 

29 

3786 

3802 

3818 

3833 

3849 

3865 

3881 

3897 

3913 

3928 

30 

3944 

3960 

3976 

3992 

4008 

4024 

4040 

4056 

4072 

4088 

31 

4105 

4121 

4137 

4153 

4169 

4185 

4202 

4218 

4234 

4250 

32 

4267 

4283 

4299 

4316 

4332 

4348 

4365 

4381 

4398 

4414 

33 

4431 

4447 

4464 

4480 

4497 

4513 

4530 

4546 

4563 

4580 

34 

4596 

4613 

4630 

4646 

4663 

4680 

4697 

4713 

4730 

4747 

35 

4764 

4781 

4797 

4814 

4831 

4848 

4865 

4882 

4899 

4916 

36 

4933 

4950 

4967 

4984 

5001 

5018 

5036 

5053 

5070 

5087 

37 

5104 

5121 

5138 

5155 

5173 

5190 

5207 

5225 

5242 

5259 

38 

5278 

5295 

5313 

5330 

5348 

5365 

5383 

5400 

5418 

5436 

39 

5453 

5471 

5488 

5505 

5523 

5541 

5559 

5576 

5594 

5612 

40 

5630 

5647 

5665 

5683 

5701 

5719 

5737 

5755 

5772 

5790 

41 

5808 

5826 

5844 

5862 

5880 

5898 

5916 

5935 

5953 

5971 

42 

5989 

6007 

6025 

6043 

6062 

6080 

6098 

6116 

6135 

6153 

43 

6171 

6190 

6208 

6226 

6245 

6263 

6282 

6300 

6319 

6337 

44 

6356 

6374 

6393 

6411 

6430 

6448 

6467 

6486 

6504 

6523 

45 

6542 

6560 

6579 

6598 

6617 

6635 

6654 

6673 

6692 

6711 

46 

6730 

6749 

6767 

6786 

6805 

6824 

6843 

6862 

6881 

6900 

47 

6919 

6938 

6958 

6977 

6996 

7015 

7034 

7053 

7072 

7092 

48 

7111 

7130 

7150 

7169 

7188 

7208 

7227 

7246 

7266 

7285 

49 

7305 

7324 

7343 

7363 

7382 

7402 

7422 

7441 

7461 

7480 

50 

7500 

7520 

7539 

7559 

7579 

7598 

7618 

7638 

7658 

7677 

51 

7697 

7717 

7737 

7757 

7777 

7796 

7816 

7836 

7856 

7876 

52 

7896 

7916 

7936 

7956 

7976 

7997 

8017 

8037 

8057 

8077 

53 

8097 

8117 

8138 

8158 

8178 

8198 

8219 

8239 

8259 

8280 

54 

8300 

8320 

8341 

8361 

8382 

8402 

8423 

8443 

8464 

8484 

55 

8505 

8525 

8546 

8566 

8587 

8608 

8628 

8649 

8670 

8690 

56 

8711 

8732 

8753 

8773 

8794 

8815 

8836 

8857 

8878 

8899 

57 

8919 

8940 

8961 

8982 

9003 

9024 

9045 

9066 

9087 

9109 

58 

9130 

9151 

9172 

9193 

9214 

9235 

9257 

9278  1  9299 

9320 

59 

9342 

9363 

9384 

9406 

9427 

9448 

9470 

9491 

9513 

9534 

60 

9556 

9577 

9599 

9620 

0642 

9663 

9685 

9706 

9728 

9750 

For  continuation  to  170  feet,  see  table  15. 


34 


TABLE  13.— LEVEL  CUTTINGS. 
Roadway  18  feet  wide,  side-slopes  %  to  1. 


frf 

e-S 

•0 

•1 

•2 

•3 

•4 

•5 

•6 

•7 

•8 

•9 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.  yds. 

cu.yds. 

0 

6-69 

13-4 

20-2 

27-0 

33-8 

40-7 

47-6 

54-5 

61-5 

1 

68-5 

75-6 

82-7 

89-8 

97-0 

104-2 

111-4 

118-7 

126-0 

133-3 

2 

140-7 

148-2 

155-6 

168-1 

170-7 

178-2 

185-9 

193-5 

201-2 

208-9 

8 

216-7 

224-5 

232-3 

240-2 

248-1 

256-0 

264-0 

272-0 

280-1 

288-2 

4 

296-3 

304-5 

312-7 

320-9 

329-2 

337-5 

345-8 

354-2 

362-7 

371-1 

5 

379-6 

388-2 

396-7 

405-4 

414-0 

422-7 

431-4 

440-2 

448-9 

457-8 

6 

466-7 

475-6 

484-5 

493-5 

502-5 

511-6 

520-6 

529-8 

538-9 

548-1 

7 

557-4 

666-7 

576-0 

585-3 

594-7 

604-1 

613-6 

623-1 

632-6 

642-2 

8 

651-9 

661-5 

671-2 

680-9 

690-6 

700-4 

710-3 

720-1 

730-0 

740-0 

9 

750-0 

760-0 

770-1 

780-2 

790-3 

800-4 

810-6 

820-8 

831-1 

841-4 

10 

851-9 

862-2 

872-6 

883-1 

893-6 

904-  1 

914-6 

925-2 

935-9 

946-5 

11 

957-4 

968-2 

978-9 

989-7 

1000 

1011 

1022 

1033 

1044 

1055 

12 

1067 

1078 

1089 

1100 

1111 

1122 

1134 

1145 

1156 

1168 

13 

1180 

1191 

1203 

1214 

1226 

1237 

1249 

1261 

1272 

1284 

14 

1296 

1308 

1320 

1332 

1344 

1356 

1368 

1380 

1392 

1404 

15 

1417 

1429 

1442 

1453 

1466 

1478 

1490 

1503 

1515 

1528 

16 

1541 

1553 

1566 

1579 

1591 

1604 

1617 

1G30 

1642 

1655 

17 

1668 

1681 

1694 

1707 

1721 

1734 

1747 

1760 

1773 

1786 

18 

1800 

1813 

1827 

1840 

1853 

1867 

1880 

1894 

1908 

1921 

19 

1935 

1949 

1963 

1976 

1990 

2004 

2018 

2032 

2046 

2060 

20 

2074 

2088 

2102 

2116 

2131 

2145 

2159 

2173 

2188 

2202 

21 

2217 

2231 

2246 

2260 

2275 

2289 

2304 

2318 

2333 

2347 

22 

2363 

2378 

2393 

2407 

2422 

2437 

2452 

2467 

2482 

2498 

23 

2513 

2528 

2543 

2559 

2574 

2589 

2605 

2620 

2635 

2651 

24 

2667 

2682 

2698 

2713 

2729 

2745 

2761 

2777 

2793 

2809 

25 

2825 

2841 

2857 

2873 

2889 

2905 

2921 

2937 

2954 

2970 

26 

2985 

3001 

3019 

3034 

3051 

3067 

3084 

3100 

3117 

3133 

27 

3150 

3167 

3183 

3200 

3217 

3234 

3251 

3268 

3284 

3301 

28 

3318 

3336 

3353 

3370 

3387 

3404 

3421 

3439 

3456 

3473 

29 

3491 

3508 

3526 

3543 

3561 

3578 

3596 

3613 

3631 

3649 

30 

3667 

3684 

3702 

3720 

3738 

3756 

3774 

3792 

3810 

3828 

31 

3846 

3864 

3882 

3901 

3919 

3937 

3956 

3974 

3992 

4111 

32 

4030 

4048 

4067 

4085 

4104 

4123 

4141 

4160 

4179 

4198 

33 

4217 

4235 

4254 

4273 

4292 

4311 

4330 

4350 

4569 

4388 

34 

4407 

4427 

4446 

4465 

4485 

4504 

4524 

4543 

4563 

4582 

35 

4602 

4621 

4641 

4661 

4680 

4700 

4720 

4740 

4760 

4780 

36 

4800 

4820 

4840 

4860 

4880 

4900 

4921 

4941 

4961 

4981 

37 

5002 

5022 

5043 

5063 

6084 

5104 

5125 

5145 

5166 

5187 

38 

5207 

5228 

5249 

5270 

5291 

5312 

5332 

5353 

5374 

5395 

39 

5417 

5438 

5459 

5480 

5501 

5523 

5544 

5565 

5587 

5008 

40 

5630 

5651 

5673 

6694 

5716 

5747 

5759 

5781 

5803 

5824 

41 

5846 

5868 

5890 

5911 

5934 

5956 

5979 

6001 

(3023 

6045 

42 

6067 

6089 

6111 

6133 

6156 

6178 

6201 

6223 

6246 

6268 

43 

6291 

6313 

6336 

6359 

6381 

6404 

6427 

6450 

6472 

6495 

44 

6519 

6541 

6564 

6588 

6611 

6634 

6657 

6G80 

6703 

6727 

45 

6750 

6773 

6797 

6820 

6844 

6867 

6891 

6914 

6938 

6961 

46 

6985 

7009 

7033 

7056 

7080 

7104 

7128 

7152 

7176 

7200 

47 

7224 

7248 

7272 

7296 

7321 

7345 

7369 

7393 

7418 

7442 

48 

7467 

7491 

7515 

7540 

7565 

7589 

7614 

7639 

7663 

7688 

49 

7713 

7738 

7763 

7788 

7812 

7837 

7862 

7887 

7913 

7938 

50 

7963 

7988 

8013 

8039 

8064 

8089 

8115 

8140 

8166 

8191 

51 

8217 

8242 

8268 

8293 

8319 

8345 

8371 

8396 

8422 

8448 

52 

8474 

8500 

8526 

8552 

8578 

8604 

8630 

8656 

8683 

8709 

53 

8735 

8761 

8788 

8814 

8841 

8867 

8894 

8920 

8947 

8973 

54 

9000 

9027 

9053 

9080 

9107 

9134 

9161 

9187 

9214 

9241 

55 

9269 

9296 

9323 

9350 

9377 

9404 

9431 

9459 

9486 

9513 

56 

9541 

9568 

9596 

9623 

9651 

9678 

9706 

9733 

9761 

9789 

57 

9817 

9844 

9872 

9900 

9928 

9956 

9984 

10012 

10040 

10068 

58 

10096 

10124 

10153 

10181 

10209 

10237 

10266 

10294 

10323 

10351 

59 

10380 

10408 

10437 

10465 

0494 

10523 

10551 

10580 

10609 

10G38 

60 

10667 

10696 

10724 

10753 

0782 

10811 

10841 

10870 

10899 

10928 

35 

TABLE  14.— LEVEL  CUTTINGS. 
Roadway  28  feet  wide,  fide-slopes  £  to  1. 


\i 

•0 

•1 

•2 

•3 

•4 

•5 

•6 

•7 

•8 

•9 

0 

ou.  yds. 

ou.  yds. 
10-4 

cu.yds. 
20-8 

ou.  yds. 
31-3 

ou.  yds. 
41-8 

cu.yds. 
52-3 

cu.  yds. 
62-9 

cu.  yds. 
73-6 

cu.  yds. 
84-1 

ou.yds. 
94-8 

i 

105-6 

126-3 

137-1 

147-9 

158-8 

169-7 

180-7 

191-6 

202»  7 

213-7 

2 

214-8 

225-9 

237-1 

248-3 

259-5 

270-8 

282-1 

293-5 

304-9 

316-3 

3 

327-8 

339-3 

350-8 

362-4 

374-0 

385-6 

397-3 

409-0 

420-8 

432-6 

4 

444-4 

456-3 

468-2 

480-2 

492-1 

504-2 

516-2 

528-3 

540-4 

652-6 

5 

664-8 

677-1 

589-3 

601-6 

614-0 

626-4 

638-8 

651-3 

663-8 

676-3 

6 

688-9 

701-5 

714-1 

726-8 

739-5 

752-3 

765-1 

777-9 

790-8 

803-7 

7 

816-7 

829-7 

842-7 

858-8 

868-9 

882-1 

895-3 

908-5 

921-8 

935-1 

8 

948-1 

961-5 

974-9 

988-3 

1002 

1015 

1029 

1042 

1056 

1070 

9 

1083 

1097 

1111 

1126 

1138 

1152 

1166 

1180 

1194 

1208 

10 

1222 

1236 

1250 

1265 

1279 

1293 

1307 

1322 

1336 

1350 

11 

1365 

1379 

1394 

1408 

1423 

1437 

1452 

1467 

1482 

1496 

12 

1511 

1526 

1541 

1556 

1571 

1586 

1601 

1616 

1631 

1646 

13 

1661 

1676 

1692 

1707 

1722 

1737 

1753 

1768 

1784 

1799 

14 

1815 

1830 

1846 

1862 

1877 

1893 

1909 

1925 

1940 

1956 

15 

1972 

1988 

2004 

2020 

2036 

2052 

2068 

2085 

2101 

2117 

16 

2133 

2150 

2166 

2182 

2199 

2215 

2232 

2248 

2265 

2281 

17 

2298 

2315 

2332 

2348 

2365 

2382 

2399 

2416 

2433 

2450 

18 

2467 

2484 

2501 

2518 

2535 

2552 

2570 

2587 

2604 

2621 

19 

2639 

2656 

2674 

2691 

2709 

2726 

2744 

2762 

2779 

2797 

20 

2815 

2833 

2850 

2868 

2886 

2904 

2922 

2940 

2958 

2976 

21 

2994 

3013 

3031 

3049 

3067 

3086 

3104 

3122 

3141 

3159 

22 

3178 

3196 

3215 

3233 

3252 

3271 

3290 

3308 

3327 

3346 

23 

3365 

3384 

3403 

3422 

3441 

3460 

3479 

3498 

3517 

3536 

24 

3556 

3575 

3594 

3613 

3632 

3652 

3672 

3692 

3711 

3731 

25 

3750 

3770 

3789 

3809 

3829 

3849 

3868 

3888 

3908 

3928 

26 

3948 

3968 

3988 

4008 

4028 

4049 

4069 

4089 

4109 

4130 

27 

4150 

4170 

4191 

4211 

4232 

4252 

4273 

4294 

4314 

4335 

28 

4356 

4376 

4397 

4418 

4439 

4460 

4481 

4502 

4523 

4544 

29 

4565 

4586 

4607 

4628 

4649 

4671 

4692 

4713 

4735 

4756 

30 

4778 

4799 

4821 

4843 

4864 

4886 

4908 

4929 

4951 

4973 

31 

4994 

5016 

6038 

5060 

5082 

5104 

5126 

5148 

5170 

5192 

32 

5215 

5237 

5259 

5281 

5303 

5326 

5349 

5371 

5393 

5416 

33 

5439 

5461 

5484 

5507 

6529 

5552 

5575 

5598 

5621 

5644 

34 

5667 

5690 

5713 

5736 

6759 

5782 

5805 

5828 

5852 

5875 

35 

5898 

5922 

6945 

5968 

5992 

6015 

6039 

6063 

6086 

6110 

36 

6133 

6157 

6181 

6205 

6228 

6252 

6276 

6300 

6324 

6348 

37 

6372 

6396 

6420 

6445 

6469 

6493 

6517 

6542 

65C6 

6590 

38 

6615 

6639 

6664 

6688 

6713 

6738 

6763 

6787 

6812 

6837 

39 

6801 

6886 

6911 

6936 

6961 

6986 

7011 

7036 

7061 

7086 

40 

7111 

7136 

7162 

7187 

7212 

7237 

7263 

7288 

7314 

7339 

41 

7365 

7390 

7416 

7442 

7467 

7493 

7519 

7545 

7570 

7596 

42 

7622 

7648 

7674 

7700 

7726 

7752 

7778 

7805 

7831 

7857 

43 

7883 

7910 

7936 

7962 

7989 

8015 

8042 

8068 

8095 

8121 

44 

8148 

8175 

8202 

8228 

8255 

8282 

8309 

8336 

8363 

8390 

45 

8417 

8444 

8471 

8498 

8525 

8552 

8580 

8607 

8634 

8661 

46 

8689 

8716 

8744 

8771 

8799 

8826 

8854 

8882 

8909 

8937 

47 

8965 

8993 

9020 

9048 

9076 

9104 

9132 

9160 

9188 

9216 

48 

9244 

9273 

9301 

9329 

9357 

9386 

9414 

9442 

9471 

9499 

49 

9528 

9556 

9585 

9613 

9642 

9671 

9700 

9728 

9757 

9786 

50 

9815 

9844 

9873 

9902 

9931 

9960 

9989 

10018 

10047 

10076 

51 

10106 

10135 

10164 

10193 

10223 

10252 

102S2 

10311 

10341 

10370 

52 

10400 

10430 

10459 

10489 

10519  • 

10549 

10578 

10608 

10638 

10668 

53 

10698 

10728 

10758 

10788 

10818 

10849 

10879 

10909 

10939 

10970 

64 

11000 

11030 

11061 

11091 

11122 

11152 

11183 

11213 

11244 

11275 

65 

11306 

11336 

11367 

11398 

11429 

11460 

11490 

11521 

11552 

11583 

5C 

11615 

11646 

11677 

11708 

11740 

11771 

11802 

11833 

11865 

11896 

57 

11928 

11959 

11991 

12022 

12054 

12086 

12117 

12149 

12181  112213 

68 

12244 

12270 

12308 

12340 

12372 

12404 

12436 

12468 

12501  '12533 

5fl 

12565 

1  2597 

12629 

12662 

12694 

12726 

12759 

12791 

12824 

12856 

00  12889 

12922 

12954 

12987 

13020 

13052 

13085  13118 

13151 

13184 

TABLE  15.— LEVEL  CUTTINGS. 

Continuation  of  the  foregoing  Tables  of  Cubic  Contents,  to  YIQfeet  of  height  or  depth. 


Height 
or  Depth 
in  feet. 

TABLE 

1 

TABLE 
3 

TABLE 
3 

TABLE 

* 

TABLE 
5 

TABLE 
6 

TABLE 
7 

TABLE 
8 

TABLE 
9 

TABLE 
10 

TABLE 
11 

TABLE 
13 

61 
•5 

cu  yd.  cu  yd. 
23835  26094 
24201126479 

cu  yd. 
17848 
18108 

cuyd. 
21294 
21610 

cuyd. 
24739 
25113 

cu  yd. 
31630 
32117 

cu  yd. 
20107 
20386 

cu  yd. 
23553 

23888 

cu  yd. 
26998 
27390 

cu  yd. 
33889 
34394 

cu.  yds. 
7512 
7602 

cu.  yds. 
9771 
9880 

62 

24570J26867 

18370 

21930 

25489 

32607 

20667 

24226 

27785 

34904 

7693 

9989 

•5 

24942J27257 

18634 

22251 

25868 

33102 

20949 

24566 

28183 

35417 

7784 

10093 

63 

2531727650 

18900 

2257526250 

33600 

21233 

24908 

28583 

35933 

7875 

10208 

•5 

2569428046 

19168 

2290126635 

34102 

21519 

25253 

28986 

36454 

7967 

10319 

64 

26074  28444 

19437 

2323027022 

34607 

21807 

25600 

29393 

36978 

8059 

10430 

•5 

2645728846 

19708 

2356027413 

35117 

22097 

25949 

29801 

37506 

8152 

10541 

65 

2684329250 

19981 

23894 

27806 

35630 

22389 

26300 

30213 

38037 

8245 

10653 

•5 

2723129657 

20256 

24229 

28201 

36146 

22682 

26654 

30627 

38572 

8339 

10765 

66 

27622 

30067 

20533 

24567 

23600 

36667 

22978 

27011 

31044 

39111 

8433 

10878 

•5 

28016 

30479 

20812 

24907 

29001 

37191 

23275 

27369 

31464 

39654 

8528 

10991 

67 

28413 

30894 

21093 

25249 

29406 

37719 

23574 

27730 

31887 

40200 

8623 

11105 

•5 

28812 

31313 

21375 

25594 

29813 

38250 

23875 

28093 

32312 

40750 

8719 

11219 

68 

29215 

31733 

21659 

25941 

30222 

38785 

24178 

28459 

32741 

41304 

8815 

11333 

•5 

29620 

32157 

21945 

26290 

30635 

39324 

24482 

28827 

33172 

41861 

8911 

11448 

69 

30028 

32583 

22233 

26642 

31050 

39867 

24789 

29197 

33605 

42422 

9008 

11564 

•5 

30438 

33013 

22523 

26996 

31468 

40413 

25097 

29569 

34042 

42987 

9106 

11680 

70 

30852 

33444 

22814 

27352 

31889 

40963 

25407 

29944 

34481 

43556 

9204 

11796 

•5 

31268 

33879 

23108 

27710 

32313 

41517 

25719 

30321 

34924 

44128 

9302 

11913 

71 

31687 

34317 

23404 

28071 

32739 

42074 

26033 

30701 

35369 

44704 

9401 

12031 

•5 

32108 

34757 

23701 

28434 

33168 

42635 

26349 

310S3 

35816 

45283 

9500 

12148 

72 

32533 

35200 

24000 

28800 

33600 

43200 

26667 

31467 

36267 

45867 

9600 

12267 

•5 

32960 

35646 

24301 

29168 

34035 

43769 

26986 

31853 

36720 

46454 

9700 

12385 

73 

33390 

36094 

24604 

29538 

34472 

44341 

27307 

32241 

37176 

47044 

9801 

12505 

•5 

33823 

36546 

24907 

29910 

34913 

44917 

27631 

32632 

37635 

47639 

9902 

12624 

74 

34259 

37000 

25214 

30285 

35356 

45496 

27956 

33026 

38096 

48237 

10004 

12744 

•5 

34697 

37457 

25522 

30662 

35801 

46080 

28282 

33421 

38561 

48839 

10106 

12865 

75 

35139 

37917 

25832 

31042 

36250 

46667 

28611 

33819 

39028 

49444 

10208 

12986 

•5 

35582 

38379 

26144 

31423 

36701 

47257 

28942 

34219 

39498 

50054 

10311 

13108 

76 

36029 

38844 

26458 

31807 

37156 

47852 

29174 

34622 

39970 

50667 

10415 

13230 

•5 

36479 

39313 

26774 

32194 

37613 

48450 

29608 

35027 

40446 

51283 

10519 

13352 

77 

36931 

39783 

27092 

32582 

38072 

49052 

29944 

35434 

40924 

51904 

10623 

13475 

•5 

37386 

40257 

27411 

32973 

38535 

49657 

30282 

35843 

41405 

52528 

10728 

13598 

78 

37844 

40733 

27733 

33367 

39000 

50267 

30622 

36256 

41889 

53156 

10833 

13722 

•5 

38305 

41213 

28056 

33762 

39468 

50880 

30964 

36669 

42375 

53787 

10939 

13846 

79 
•5 

38768 
39235 

41694 
42179 

2838l|34l60 
2870834560 

39939 
40413 

5U9&313Q7  37086 
5211731653,37504 

42865 
43357 

54422 
55061 

11045 
11152 

13971 
14096 

80 

39704 

42667 

2903734963 

40889 

527413200037926 

43852 

55704 

11259 

14222 

PI 

b^ 

40650 
41607 

43650 
44644 

2970035775 
3037036596 

41850 

42822 

5400032700,38775 
552743340739633 

44850 
45859 

57000 
5S311 

11475 
11693 

14475 
14730 

83 

84 
85 
86 
87 

42576 
43555 
44546 
45548 
46561 

45650 
46667 
47694 
48733 
49783 

31048 
31733 
32426 
33126 
33833 

37427 
38267 
39116 
39974 
40842 

43806 
44800 
45806 

46822 
47850 

56563 
57867 
59185 
60519 
61867 

3412240501 
3484441378 
3557442264 
3631143159 
3705644064 

46880 
47911 
48954 
50008 
51072 

59637 
60978 
62333 
63704 
65089 

11912 
12133 
12357 

12582 
12808 

14986 
15244 
15505 
15767 
16031 

88 

47585 

50844 

34548 

41718 

48889 

63230 

37807 

44978 

52148 

66489 

13037 

16296 

89 

4862051917 

35270 

42605 

49939 

64607 

38567 

45901 

53235 

67904 

13268 

16564 

90 

49667 

53000 

36000 

43500 

51000 

66000 

39333 

46833 

54333 

69333 

13500 

16833 

91 

50724 

54094 

36737 

44405 

52072 

67407 

40107 

47775 

55443 

70778 

13734 

17105 

92 

51793 

55200 

37481 

45319 

53156 

68830 

40889 

48726 

56563 

72237 

13970 

17378 

93 

52872 

56317 

38233 

46242 

54250 

70267 

41678 

49686 

57694 

73711 

14208 

17653 

94 

53963 

57444 

38993 

47174 

55356 

71719 

42474 

5065r) 

58837 

75200 

14448 

17930 

95 

55065 

58583 

39759 

4811656472 

73185 

4327851634 

59990 

76704 

14690 

18208 

96 

56178 

59733 

40533 

49067 

57600 

74667 

44089 

52622 

61155 

78222 

14933 

18489 

97 

57302 

60894 

41315 

50027 

58739 

76163 

44907 

53619 

62331 

79756 

15179 

18771 

98 

58437 

62067 

42104 

50996,59889 

77674 

45733 

54626 

63518 

81304 

15426 

19056 

99 

59583 

63250 

42900 

5197561056 

79200 

46567 

55642 

64716 

82867 

15675 

19342 

100 

60741 

64444 

43704 

52963  62222 

80741 

47407 

56667 

65926 

84444 

15926 

19630 

37 


TABLE  15.— LEVEL  CUTTINGS— CONTINUED. 


Height 
or 
Depth 

in  Feet. 

TABLE 

1 

TABLE 
2 

TABLE 
3 

TABLE 
4 

TABLE 
5 

TABLE 
6 

TABLE 
7 

TABLE 
8 

TABLE 
9 

TABLE 
1O 

TABLE 
11 

TABLE 
12 

101 

61910 

65649 

44515 

63960 

63406 

82297 

48254 

57700 

67149 

86036 

16179 

19919 

102 

63090 

66868 

45333 

54967 

64600 

S3866 

49110 

68744 

68382 

87643 

16434 

20211 

103 

64278 

68096 

46158 

55983 

65806 

85452 

49970 

69797 

69627 

89266 

16690 

20505 

104 

65480 

69335 

47000 

67008 

67022 

87052 

50844 

60859 

70882 

90903 

16949 

20800 

105 

66696 

70586 

47840 

68042 

68251 

88666 

51722 

61930 

72148 

92555 

17209 

21097 

106 

67916 

71846 

48686 

59085 

69489 

90296 

62606 

63011 

73425 

94222 

17471 

21396 

107 

69152 

73118 

49540 

60138 

70740 

91941 

53499 

64100 

74713 

95904 

17735 

21697 

108 

70400 

74400 

50402 

61200 

72000 

93600 

54399 

65199 

76012 

97600 

18000' 

22000 

109 

71657 

75695 

61272 

62272 

73272 

95275 

65306 

66308 

77322 

99311 

18268 

22305 

110 

72926 

77000 

62148 

63352 

74555 

96963 

66222 

67426 

78630 

101037 

18537 

22611 

111 

74200 

78319 

53046 

64442 

75847 

98666 

67145 

68552 

79958 

102777 

18808 

22919 

112 

75492 

79640 

53937 

65541 

77155 

100385 

5^074 

69687 

81300 

104533 

19082 

23229 

113 

76794 

80986 

54836 

66650 

78473 

102118 

59011 

70832 

82654 

106303 

19357 

23541 

114 

78108 

82336 

55740 

67767 

79800 

103866 

59956 

71986 

84019 

108089 

19634 

23855 

115 

79430 

83696 

66654 

68894 

81139 

1056:;0 

60907 

73149 

86396 

109888 

19913 

24171 

116 

80768 

85068 

57575 

70030 

82489 

107408 

61867 

74322 

86783 

111704 

20193 

24488 

117 

82113 

86451 

58504 

71176 

83850 

109200 

62836 

75504 

88182 

113532 

20476 

24807 

118 

83471 

87845 

59442 

72330 

85222 

111007 

63807)  76695 

89592 

11537-8 

20760 

25128 

119 

84840 

89250 

60386 

73494 

86606 

112830 

64788 

77900 

91012 

117237 

21046 

25452 

120 

86222 

90666 

61333 

74666 

88000 

114667 

65777 

79111 

92444 

119111 

21333 

25777 

121 

87614 

92097 

62293 

75849 

89405 

116519 

66774 

80330 

93884 

120999 

21623 

26103 

122 

89015 

93536 

632«*> 

77041 

90822 

118386 

67777 

81558 

95339 

122901 

21915 

26432 

123 

90429 

94985 

64234 

78242 

92250 

120267 

68789 

82795 

96S03  124818 

22208 

2n763 

124 

91852 

96446 

65216 

79452 

93689 

1-22164 

69807 

84044 

98280 

126750!  22504 

27095 

125 

93286 

97919 

6C.205 

80671 

95139 

124075 

70833 

85300 

99767 

128703 

22801 

27430 

126 

94733 

99402 

67201 

81900 

96600 

126002 

71866 

86566 

10i266 

130666 

23100 

27766 

127 

96191 

100896 

68205 

83138 

98073 

127943 

72908 

87840 

102776  132643 

23401 

28104 

128 

97660 

102401 

69217 

84385 

99556 

129898 

73955 

89122 

104296 

134636 

23704 

28444 

129 

99140 

103917 

70236 

85642 

101050 

131869 

75011 

90418 

105828 

136643 

24009 

28786 

130 

100630 

105444 

71260 

86908 

102555 

133854 

76074 

91722 

107370 

138666 

24315 

29129 

131 

102122 

106984 

72293 

88183 

104072 

135855 

77145 

93034 

108921 

140702 

24623 

29475 

132 

103636 

108535 

73333 

89467 

105600 

137869 

78222 

94356 

110486 

142754 

24933 

29822 

133 

105161 

110096 

74382 

90761 

107140 

139898 

79308 

95686 

112063  144821 

25245 

30171 

134 

106698 

111668 

75437 

92063 

108689 

141942 

80400 

97026 

113650  146903 

25560 

30522 

135 

108245 

113251 

76500 

93375 

110250 

144002 

81500 

98375 

115249 

148999 

25875 

30875 

136 

109803 

114846 

77570 

94697 

111822 

146075 

82608 

99733 

116S5J 

151111 

26193 

31230 

137 

11137-2 

116451 

78648 

96027!  113406 

148164 

83722 

101100 

118480  153237 

26512 

31586 

138 

112953 

118068 

79733 

973671  115000  150267 

84844 

102477 

120im  155378 

26834 

31944 

139 

114545 

119695 

80825 

98716 

116606  152386 

85973 

103863 

121754*157534 

27157 

32304 

140 

116148 

121333 

81926 

100078 

118222  154519 

87111 

105259 

123408  159704 

27481 

32666 

141 

117755 

122986 

83034 

101443 

119851  156666 

88256 

106664 

125070  161888 

27808 

33030 

112 

119380 

124645 

84148 

102820 

1214901  158829 

89407 

108079 

126747  ;  164089 

28137 

33395 

143 

121015  S  126317 

85270 

104206 

1231  40  !  161007 

90567  109501 

1-28434  16(3303 

28467 

33763 

144 

12-2662.  128000 

86400 

105601 

124800  163200 

91733  110934 

130133 

168533 

28800 

34132 

145 

124:520-  12-.»694 

87537 

107005 

1  26473  i  165406 

92908 

112375 

131843 

170777 

29134 

34504 

146 

1  25989  !  131400 

88681 

108419 

128156;  167*29 

94G89 

113826 

133563 

173037 

29471 

34877 

147 

127670  133117 

89833 

109842 

129850,  169866 

95278 

115286 

135295 

175311 

29809 

35252 

148 

129361;  134845 

90993 

111274 

131555  172118 

96473 

116755 

137038 

177600 

30148 

35629 

149 

13106.3'  136582 

92160 

112715 

133272  174385 

97678 

118234 

138792 

W9903 

30490 

36008 

150 

1M2777  138333 

93333 

114106 

135000  176666 

98888 

119722 

140555 

182222 

30833 

36389 

151 

134501  140093 

94513 

115626 

136740  178962 

100107 

121220 

142:330 

184555 

31178 

36771 

152 

136236  141866 

95700 

117096 

138488  181274 

101323 

122726 

144117  186904 

31525 

37155 

153 

137983  !  143650 

96893 

118574 

140250  j  183600 

102566  124241 

145916|  189266 

31874 

37541 

154 

139740  144444 

98096 

120062 

142022'  185941 

103807 

125766 

147725  191644 

32226 

37929 

155 

141508  147249  99317 

121560 

143805 

188296 

105065 

127300 

149546  194036 

32578 

38319 

166 

143290  '  149067  100535 

123066 

145600 

190666 

106311  128844 

151379  196444 

32933 

38711 

157 

145079  150894'  101760!  124582 

147405 

193052 

107574;  130397 

153220  198866 

33290 

39104 

158 

146882  1527331  102994 

126107 

149222 

195452 

108844:  131958 

155074!  201303 

33648 

39500 

Io9 

148695  154583  j  104234 

127641 

151050 

197867 

110122'  133529 

156940,  203755 

34008 

39897 

160 

150518  156444  105482 

129185 

152888 

200296 

1114071  135111 

158815  206222 

34370 

40296 

161 

152353  158316  106737 

130738 

154737 

202740 

112700  136700 

160702  208703 

34734 

40697 

162 

K4T.M  160200  108000  132300 

156598 

205200 

114000  138300 

162600  211200 

35100 

41100 

163 

1560/.6  162094 

109270  133X73 

158470 

207674  115306  139908  !  164509  213710 

35468 

41605 

164 

157924 

164000 

110548 

135454 

160354 

2101631  116622  141526  166430  216237 

35837 

41911 

165 

159804 

165916 

111833 

137046 

162248 

21266?!  117944 

143153  168361  j  218777 

36208 

42319 

166 

161695  167844 

113126'  138645  j  164154 

215186  119273 

144788  170304'  221334 

36581 

42730 

167 

163597!  169783 

114426!  140255 

166071 

217720'  120610 

146434  172258  223903 

36956 

43142 

168 

165510  171732 

115733 

141873 

167999  220268 

121954 

148089  174223  226489 

37333 

43556 

169 

167  434'  173693 

117048 

143502 

169938  222831 

123307 

149753  176199  229089 

37712 

43972 

170 

169370,  175666 

118370 

145130 

171888 

225409 

124666 

151424  178185  231704 

38092 

44389 

1 

38 

TABLE  16, 

Of  cubic  yards  in  a  100-foot  station,  to  be  added  to,  or  subtracted  from,  the  quanti- 
ties in  the  preceding  15  tables,  in  case  the  excavations  or  embankments  should  be 
increased  or  diminished  2  feet  in  width.  To  be  used  only  in  rough  estimates. 

The  most  rapid  method  of  performing  this  operation  would  be  to  add  together  the 
average  heights,  or  depths,  of  the  equivalent  level  cuttings  or  fillings  of  several  con- 
secutive 100-foot  stations,  and  divide  their  sum  by  their  number,  for  an  average  of 
them  all.  The  number  of  cubic  yards  corresponding  to  this  average  height,  or  depth, 
when  multiplied  by  the  number  of  stations,  will  give  the  content  of  the  entire  length, 
nearly. 

It  would,  however,  be  better  for  the  assistant,  in  cases  where  the  width  of  roadway 
differs  from  those  in  the  preceding  tables,  to  construct  at  once  a  new  table ;  or  else  to 
use  the  diagrams  and  their  tables  in  the  manner  described  immediately  following 
fig.  4£. 

Cubic  Yards  in  a  length  of  100/ee/,-  breadth  2  feet /  and  of  different  depths. 


Height 
or 
Depth 
in 
feet. 

Cubic 
Yards. 

Height 
or 
Depth 
in 
feet. 

Cubic 
Yards. 

Height 
or 
Depth 
in 
feet. 

Cubic 
Yards. 

Height 
or 
Depth 
in 
feet. 

Cubic 
Yards. 

Height 
or 
Depth 
in 
feet. 

Cubic 
Yards. 

•5 

3-70 

•5 

152 

•5 

300 

•5 

448 

•5 

596 

1 

7-41 

21 

156 

41 

304 

61 

452 

81 

600 

•5 

11-1 

•5 

159 

•5 

307 

•5 

456 

•5 

604 

2 

14-8 

22 

163 

42 

311 

62 

459 

82 

607 

•5 

18-5 

•5 

167 

•5 

315 

•5 

463 

•5 

611 

3 

22-2 

23 

170 

43 

319 

63 

467 

83 

615 

•5 

25-9 

•5 

174 

•5 

322 

•5 

470 

•5 

619 

4 

29-6 

24 

178 

44 

326 

64 

474 

84 

622 

•5 

33-3 

•5 

181 

•5 

330 

•5 

478 

•5 

626 

5 

37-0 

25 

185 

45 

333 

65 

481 

85 

630 

•5 

40-7 

•5 

189 

•5 

337 

•5 

485 

•5 

633 

6 

44-4 

26 

193 

46 

341 

66 

489 

86 

637 

•5 

48-1 

•5 

196 

•5 

344 

•5 

493 

•5 

641 

7 

51-9 

« 

200 

47 

348 

67 

496 

87 

644 

•5 

55-6 

•5 

204 

•5 

352 

•5 

500 

•5 

648 

8 

59-3 

28 

207 

48 

356 

68 

504 

88 

652 

•5 

63-0 

•5 

211 

•5 

359 

•5 

507 

•5 

656 

9 

66-7 

29 

215 

49 

363 

69 

511 

89 

659 

•5 

70-4 

•5 

219 

•5 

367 

.5 

515 

•5 

663 

10 

74-1 

30 

222 

50 

370 

70 

519 

90 

667 

•5 

77-8 

•5 

226 

•5 

374 

•5 

522 

•5 

670 

11 

81-5 

31 

230 

51 

378 

71 

526 

91 

674 

•5 

85-2 

•5 

233 

•5 

381 

•5 

530 

•5 

678 

12 

88-9 

32 

237 

52 

385 

72 

533 

92 

681 

•5 

92-6 

•5 

241 

•5 

389 

•5 

537 

•5 

685 

13 

96-3 

33 

244 

53 

393 

73 

541 

93 

689 

•5 

100 

•5 

248 

•5 

396 

•5 

544 

•5 

C93 

14 

104 

34 

252 

54 

400 

74 

548 

94 

696 

•5 

107 

•5 

256 

•5 

404 

•5 

552 

•5 

700 

15 

111 

35 

259 

55 

407 

75 

556 

95 

704 

•5 

115 

•5 

263 

•5 

411 

•5 

559 

•5 

707 

16 

119 

36 

267 

56 

415 

76 

563 

96 

711 

•5 

122 

•5 

270 

•5 

419 

•5 

567 

•5 

715 

17 

126 

37 

274 

57 

422 

77 

570 

97 

719 

•5 

130 

•5 

278 

•5 

426 

•5 

574 

•5 

722 

13 

133 

38 

281 

58 

430 

78 

578 

98 

726 

1        '5 

137 

•5 

285 

•5 

433 

•5 

581 

•5 

730 

19 

141 

39 

289 

59 

437 

79 

585 

99 

733 

\       -5 

144 

•5 

293 

•5 

441 

•5 

589 

•5 

737 

20 

148 

40 

296 

60 

444 

80 

593 

100 

741 

39 


TABLE  17. 

This  Table  shows  the  number  of  cubic  yards  of  Excavation,  or  Embankment,  corres- 
ponding to  different  areas  of  cross  section,  and  to  a  length  of  100  feet.  The  areas  are 
expressed  in  square  feet. 

This  Table  may  be  extended,  by  mentally  changing  the  place  of  the  decimal  point;  thus, 
the  cubic  yards  corresponding  to  an  area  of  1 1 00  square  feet  will  be  10  times  that  of  1 10 
square  feet,  or  4074 ;  those  corresponding  to  an  area  of  8955  square  feet  will  be  10  times 
that  of  895-5  square  feet,  or  33167.  If  the  number  is  not  exactly  divisible  by  10,  we  may 
still  take  out  the  corresponding  cubic  yards  with  sufficient  accuracy  for  practice,  by  using 
the  nearest  tabular  number;  thus,  if  we  take  33167  for  the  cubic  yards  corresponding  to 
an  area  of  8953  square  feet,  the  error  will  be  but  about  8  cubic  yards  in  33000.  A  mean 
can,  however,  always  be  estimated  in  an  instant  by  the  eye,  which  will  reduce  the  error  to 
still  less;  thus  it  is  seen  at  a  glance,  that  33157  is,  in  this  instance,  nearer  than  33167. 


Ere*. 
.ft. 

Cubic 
Yaris. 

Area, 
sq.ft. 

Cubic 
Yards. 

Area, 
sq.  ft. 

Cubic 

Yards. 

Area, 
sq.  ft. 

Cubic 
Yards. 

Area, 
sq.ft. 

Cubic 
Yards. 

Area, 
sq.  ft. 

(•  ».;,, 

lards. 

! 

3-70 

45 

166-7 

89 

329-6 

•5 

431-5 

•5 

513-0 

•5 

594-4 

2 

7-41 

46 

170-4 

90 

333-3 

117 

433-3 

139 

514-8 

161 

596-3 

3 

11-1 

47 

174-1 

91 

337-0 

•5 

435-2 

•5 

516-7 

•5 

598-2 

4 

14-8 

48 

177-8 

92 

340-7 

118 

437-0 

140 

518-5 

162 

600-0 

5 

18-5 

49 

181-5 

93 

344-4 

•5 

438-9 

•5 

520-4 

•5 

601-9 

6 

22-2 

50 

185-2 

94 

348-2 

119 

440-7 

141 

522-2 

163 

603-7 

7 

25-9 

51 

188-9 

95 

351-9 

•5 

442-6 

•5 

524-1 

•5 

605-6 

8 

29-6 

52 

192-6 

96  i  355-6 

120 

444-4 

142 

525-9 

164 

607-4 

9 

33-3 

53 

196-3 

97  !  359-3 

•5 

446-3 

•5 

527-8 

•5 

609-3 

10 

37-0 

54 

200-0 

98 

363-0 

121 

448-2 

143 

529-6 

165 

611-1 

11 

40-7 

55 

203-7 

99 

366-7 

•5 

450-0 

•5 

531-5 

•5 

613-0 

12 

44-4 

56 

207-4 

100 

370-4 

122 

451-9 

144 

533-3 

166 

614-8 

13 

48-1 

57 

211-1 

•5 

372-2 

•5 

453-7 

•5 

535-2 

•5 

616-7 

14 

51-9 

58 

214-8 

101 

374-1 

123 

455-6 

145 

537-0 

167 

618-5 

15 

55-6 

59 

218-5 

•5 

375-9 

•5 

457-4 

•5 

538-9 

•5 

620-4 

16 

59-3 

60 

222-2 

102 

377-8 

124 

459-3 

146 

540-7 

168 

622-2 

17 

63-0 

61 

225-9 

•5 

379-6 

•5 

461-1 

•5 

542-6 

•5 

'624-1 

18 

66-7 

62 

229-6 

103 

381-5 

125 

463-0 

147 

544-4 

169 

625-9 

19 

70-4 

63 

233-3 

•5 

383-3 

•5 

464-8 

•5 

546-3 

•5 

627-8 

20 

74-1 

64 

237-0 

104 

385-2 

126 

466-7 

148 

548-2 

170 

629-6 

21 

77-8 

65 

240-7 

•5 

387-0 

•5 

468-5 

•5 

550-0 

•5 

631-5 

22 

81-5 

66 

244-4 

105 

388-9 

127 

470-4 

149 

551-9 

171 

633-3 

23 

85-2 

67 

248-2 

•5 

390-7 

•5 

472-2 

•5 

553-7 

•5 

635-2 

24 

88-9 

68 

251-9 

106 

392-6 

128 

474-1 

150 

555-6 

172 

657-0 

25 

92-6 

69 

255-6 

•5 

394-4 

•5 

475-9 

•5 

557-4 

•5 

638-9 

26 

96-3 

70 

259-3 

107 

396-3 

129 

477-8 

151 

559-3 

173 

640-7 

27 

100-0 

71 

263-0 

•5 

398-2 

•5 

479-6 

•5 

561-1 

•5 

642-6 

28 

103-7 

72 

266-7 

108 

400-0 

130 

481-5 

152 

563-0 

174 

644-4 

29 

107-4 

73 

270-4 

•5 

401-9 

•5 

483-3 

•5 

564-8 

•5 

646-3 

30 

lll-l 

74 

274-1 

109 

403-7 

131 

485-2 

153 

566-7 

175 

618-2 

31 

114-8 

75 

277-8 

•5 

405-6 

•5 

487-0 

•5 

568-5 

•5 

650-0 

32 

118-5 

76 

281-5 

110 

407-4 

132 

488-9 

154 

570-4 

176 

.651-9 

33 

122-2 

77 

285-2 

•5 

409-3 

•5 

490-7 

•5 

572-2 

•5 

653-7 

34 

125-9 

78 

288-9 

111 

411-1 

133 

492-6 

155 

574-1 

177 

655-6 

35 

129-6 

79 

292-6 

•5 

413-0 

•5 

494.4 

•5 

575-9 

•5 

657-4 

36 

133-3 

80 

296-3 

112 

414-8 

134 

496-3 

156 

577-8 

178 

659-3 

37 

137-0 

81 

300-0 

•5 

416-7 

•5 

498-2 

•5 

579-6 

•6 

661-1 

38 

140-7 

82 

303-7 

113 

418-5 

135 

500-0 

157 

581-5 

179 

663-0 

39 

144-4 

83 

307-4 

•5 

420-4 

•5 

501-9 

•5 

583-3 

•5 

664-8 

40 

148-2 

84 

311-1 

114 

422-2 

136 

503-7 

158 

585-2 

180 

666-7 

41 

151-9 

85 

314-8 

•5 

424-1 

•5 

5  )5-6 

•5 

587-0 

•5 

668-5 

42 

155-6 

86 

318.5 

115 

425-9 

137 

5)7-4 

159 

588-9 

181 

670-4 

43 

159-3 

87 

322-2 

•5 

427-8 

•5 

509-3 

•5 

590.7 

•5 

672-2 

44 

163-0 

88 

325-9 

116 

429-6 

138 

511-1 

160 

592-6 

182 

671-1 

40 

TABU  17. 


Area. 

sq.  ft. 

Cubic 
Yards. 

Area, 
sq.  ft. 

Cubic 
Yards. 

Area, 
sq.  ft. 

Cubic 
Yards. 

Area. 

sq.  ft. 

Cubic 
Yards- 

Area, 
sq.  ft. 

Cubic 
Yards. 

Area 
sq.  ft 

Cubic 
Yards. 

•5 

675-9 

•5 

783-3 

•5 

890-7 

•5 

998-2 

•5 

1105-6 

ff 

1213-0 

183 

677-8 

212 

785-2 

241 

892-6 

270 

1000-0 

299 

1107-4 

328 

1214-8 

.c 

«J 

679-6 

•5 

787-0 

.5 

894-4 

•5 

1001-9 

•5 

1109-3 

•5 

1216-7 

184 

681-5 

213 

788-9 

242 

896-3 

271 

1003-7 

300 

1111-1 

329 

1218-5 

*5 

683-3 

•5 

790-7 

•5 

898-2 

•5 

1005-6 

•5 

1113-0 

.P 

1220-4 

185 

685-2 

214 

792-6 

243 

900-0 

272 

1007-4 

301 

1114-8 

330 

1222-2 

.C 

B 

687-0 

•5 

794-4 

•5 

901-9 

•5 

1009-3 

•5 

1116  7 

•5 

1224-1 

186 

688-9 

215 

796-3 

244 

903-7 

273 

1011-1 

302 

1118-5 

3<31 

1225-9 

-5 

690-7 

•5 

798-2 

•5 

905-6 

•5 

1013-0 

•5 

1120-4 

-5 

1227-8 

187 

692-6 

216 

800-0 

245 

907-4 

274 

1014-8 

303 

1122-2 

332 

1229-6 

.e 

«J 

694-4 

•5 

801-9 

•5 

909-3 

.5 

1016-7 

•5 

1124-1 

•5 

1231-5 

188 

696-3 

217 

803-7 

246 

911-1 

275 

1018-5 

304 

1125-9 

333 

1233-3 

.  c 

fl 

698-2 

•5 

805-6 

•5 

913-0 

•5 

1020-4 

•5 

1127-8 

•5 

1235-2 

189 

700-0 

218 

807-4 

247 

914-8 

276 

1022-2 

305 

1129-6 

334 

1237-0 

•5 

701-9 

•5 

809-3 

•5 

916-7 

•5 

1024-1 

•5 

1131-5 

•5 

1238-9 

190 

703-7 

219 

811-1 

248 

918-5 

277 

1025-9 

306 

1133-3 

335 

1240-7 

•5 

705.6 

•5 

813-0 

•5 

920-4 

•5 

1027-8 

•5 

1135-2 

-5 

1242-6 

191 

707-4 

220 

814-8 

249 

922-2 

278 

1029-6 

307 

1137-0 

336 

1244-4 

•5 

709-3 

•5 

816-7 

•5 

924-1 

•5 

1031-5 

•5 

1138-9 

•5 

1246-3 

192 

711-1 

221 

818-5 

250 

925-9 

279 

1033-3 

308 

1140-7 

337 

1248-2 

•5 

713-0 

•5 

820-4 

•5 

927-8 

•5 

1035-2 

•5 

1142-6 

-5 

1250-0  | 

193 

714-8 

222 

822-2 

251 

929-6 

280 

1037-0 

309 

1144-4 

338 

1251-9 

•5 

716-7 

•5 

824-1 

•5 

931-5 

•5 

1038-9 

•5 

1146-3 

-5 

1253-7 

194 

718-5 

223 

825-9 

252 

933-3 

281 

1040-7 

310 

1148-2 

339 

1255-6 

•5 

720-4 

•5 

827-8 

•5 

935-2 

•5 

1042-6 

•5 

1150-0 

•5 

1257-4 

195 

722-2 

224 

829-6 

253 

937-0 

282 

1044-4 

311 

1151-9 

340 

1259-3 

•5 

724-1 

•5 

831-5 

•5 

938-9 

•5 

1046-3 

•5 

1153-7 

•5 

1261-1 

196 

725-9 

225 

833-3 

254 

940-7 

283 

1048-2 

312 

1155-6 

341 

1263-0 

•5 

727-8 

•5 

835-2 

•5 

942-6 

•5 

1050-0 

•5 

1157-4 

-5 

1264-8 

197 

729-6 

226 

837-0 

255 

944-4 

284 

1051-9 

313 

1159.3 

342 

1266-7 

•5 

731-5 

•5 

838-9 

•5 

946-3 

•5 

1053-7 

•5 

1161-1 

*o 

1268-5 

198 

733-3 

227 

840-7 

256 

948-2 

285 

1055-6 

314 

1163-0 

343 

1270-4 

'5 

735-2 

•5 

842-6 

•5 

950-0 

•5 

1057-4 

•5 

1164-8 

*o 

1272-2 

199 

737-0 

228 

844-4 

257 

951-9 

286 

1059-3 

315 

1166-7 

344 

1274-1 

•5 

738-9 

•5 

846-3 

•5 

953-7 

•5 

1061-1 

•5 

1168-5 

•5 

1275-9 

200 

740-7 

229 

848-2 

258 

955-6 

287 

1063-0 

316 

1170-4 

345 

1277-8 

•5 

742-6 

•5 

850-0 

•5 

957-4 

•5 

1064-8 

•5 

1172-2 

•5 

1279-6 

201 

744-4 

230 

851-9 

259 

959-3 

288 

1066-7 

317 

1174-1 

346 

1281-5 

•5 

746-3 

•5 

853-7 

•5 

961-1 

•5 

1068-5 

•5 

1175-9 

•5 

1283-3 

202 

748-2 

231 

855-6 

260 

963-0 

289 

1070-4 

318 

1177-8 

347 

1285-2 

•5 

750-0 

•5 

857-4 

•5 

964-8 

•5 

1072-2 

•5 

1179-6 

•5 

1287-0 

203 

751-9 

232 

859-3 

261 

966-7 

290 

1074-1 

319 

1181-5 

348 

1288-9 

•5 

753-7 

•5 

861-1 

•5 

968-5 

•5 

1075-9 

•5 

1183-3 

•5 

1290-7 

204 

755-6 

233 

863-0 

262 

970-4 

291 

1077-8 

320 

1185-2 

349 

1292-6 

•5 

757-4 

•5 

864-8 

•5 

972-2 

•5 

1079-6 

•5 

1187-0 

•5 

1294-4 

205 

759-3 

234 

866-7 

263 

974-1 

292 

1081-5 

321 

1188-9 

350 

1296-3 

•5 

761-1 

•5 

868-5 

•5 

975-9 

•5 

1083-3 

•5 

1190-7 

•5 

1298-2 

206 

763-0 

235 

870-4 

264 

977-8 

293 

1085-2 

322 

1192-6 

351 

1300-0 

•5 

764-8 

•5 

872-2 

•5 

979-6 

•5 

1087-0 

•5 

1  1  94-4 

.5 

1301-9 

207 

766-7 

236 

874-1 

265 

981-5 

294 

1088-9 

323 

1196-3 

352 

1303-7 

.A 

768-5 

•5 

875-9 

•5 

983-3 

•5 

1090-7 

•5 

1198-2 

•5 

1305-6 

208  ' 

770-4 

237 

877-8 

266 

985-2 

295 

1092-6 

324 

1200-0 

353 

1307-4 

•5 

772-2 

5 

879-6 

•5 

987-0 

•5 

1094-4 

•5 

1201-9 

•5 

1309-3 

209 

774-1 

238 

881-5 

267 

988-9 

296 

1096-3 

325 

1203-7 

354 

1311-1 

•5 

775-9 

•5 

883-3 

•5 

990-7 

•5 

1098-2 

•5 

1205-6 

•5 

1313-0 

210 

777-8 

239 

885-2 

268 

992-6 

297 

1100-0 

326 

12074 

355 

1314-8 

g 

779-6 

•5 

8S7-0 

•5 

994-4 

•5 

1101-9 

•5 

1209-3 

•5 

1316-7 

211 

781-5 

240 

888-9 

269 

996-3 

298 

1103-7 

327 

1211-1 

356 

1318-r» 

41 

TABLE  17. 


[Area, 
aq.  ft. 

Cubic 
Yards. 

Area, 
sq.ft. 

Cubic 
Yards. 

Area. 
Bq.  ft. 

Cubic 
Yards. 

Area, 
sq.ft. 

Cubic 
Yards. 

Area, 
sq.ft. 

Cubic 

Yiinl-. 

Area, 
sq.ft. 

Yard* 

~ 

1320-4 

•5 

1427-8 

•5 

1535-2 

•5 

1642-6 

•5 

1750.0 

•5 

1857.4 

357 

1322-2 

386 

1429-6 

415 

1537.0 

444 

1644-4 

473 

1751-9 

502 

1859-3  I 

•5 

1324-1 

•5 

1431-5 

•5 

1538-9 

•5 

1646-3 

•5 

1753-7 

•5 

1861-1 

1358 

1325-9 

387 

1433-3 

416 

1540-7 

445 

1648-2 

474 

1755-6 

503 

1863-0 

•5 

1327-8 

•5 

1435-2 

•5 

1542-6 

•5 

1650-0 

•5 

1757-4 

•5 

1864-8 

359 

1329-6 

388 

1437-0 

417 

1544.4 

446 

1651-9 

475 

1759-3 

504 

1866-7 

•5 

1331-5 

•5 

1438-9 

•5 

1546-3 

•5 

1653-7 

.5 

1761-1 

•5 

1868-5 

1360 

1333-3 

389 

1440-7 

418 

1548-2 

447 

1655-6 

476 

1763-0 

505 

1870-4 

•5 

1335-2 

•5 

1442-6 

•5 

1550-0 

•5 

1657-4 

•5 

1764-8 

•5 

1872-2 

361 

1337-0 

390 

1444-4 

419 

1551-9 

448 

1659-3 

477 

1766-? 

506 

1874-1 

•5 

1338-9 

•5 

1446-3 

•5 

1553-7 

•5 

1661-1 

•5 

1768-5 

•5 

1875-9 

362 

1340-7 

391 

1448-2 

420 

1555-6 

449 

1663-0 

478 

1770-4 

507 

1877-8 

•5 

1342-6 

•5 

1450-0 

•5 

1557-4 

5 

1664-8 

•5 

1772-2 

•5 

1879-6 

363 

1344-4 

392 

1451-9 

421 

1559-3 

450 

1666-7 

479 

1774-1 

508 

1881-5 

•5 

1346-3 

•5 

1453-7 

•5 

1561-1 

•5 

1668-5 

•5 

1775-9 

•5 

1883-3 

364 

1348-2 

393 

1455-6 

422 

1563-0 

451 

1670-4 

480 

1777-8 

509 

1885-2 

•5 

1350-0 

•5 

1457-4 

•5 

1564-8 

•5 

1672-2 

•5 

1779-6 

•5 

1887-0  I 

365 

1351-9 

394 

1459-3 

423 

1566-7 

452 

1674-1 

481 

1781-5 

510 

1888-9 

•5 

1353-7 

•5 

1461-1 

•0 

1568-5 

•5 

1675-9 

•5 

1783-3 

•5 

1890-7 

366 

1355-6 

395 

1463-0 

424 

1570-4 

453 

1677-8 

'482 

1785-2 

511 

1892-6 

•5 

1357-4 

•5 

1464-8 

•5 

1572-2 

•5 

1679-6 

•5 

1787-0 

•5 

1894-4 

367 

1359-3 

396 

1466-7 

425 

1574-1 

454 

1681-5 

483 

1788-9 

512 

1896-3 

•5 

1-361-1 

.5 

1468-5 

•5 

1575-9 

.5 

1683-3 

•5 

1790-7 

•5 

1898-2 

368 

1363-0 

397 

1470-4 

426 

1577-8 

455 

1685-2 

484 

1792-6 

513 

1900-0 

•5 

1364-8 

•5 

1472-2 

•5 

1579-6 

•5 

1687-0 

•5 

1794-4 

•5 

1901-9 

369 

1366-7 

398 

1474-1 

427 

1581-5 

456 

1688-9 

485 

1796-3 

514 

1903-7 

•5 

1368-5 

•5 

1475-9 

•5 

1583-3 

•5 

1690-7 

•5 

1798-2 

•5 

1905-6 

370 

1370-4 

399 

1477-8 

428 

1585-2 

457 

1692-6 

486 

1800-0 

515 

1907-4 

•5 

1372-2 

•5 

1479-6 

•5 

1587-0 

•5 

1694-4 

.5 

1801-9 

•5 

1909-3 

371 

1374-1 

400 

1481-5 

429 

1588-9 

458 

1696-3 

487 

1803-7 

516 

1911-1 

•5 

1375-9 

•5 

1483-3 

•5 

1590-7 

•5 

1698-2 

•5 

1805-6 

•5 

1913-0 

372 

1377-8 

401 

1485-2 

430 

1592-6 

459 

1700-0 

488 

1807-4 

517 

1914-8 

•5 

1379-6 

•5 

1487-0 

•5 

1594-4 

•5 

1701-9 

•5 

1809-3 

•5 

1916-7 

373 

1381-5 

402 

1488-9 

431 

1596-3 

460 

1703-7 

489 

1811-1 

518 

1918-5 

•5 

1383-3 

•5 

1490-7 

•5 

1598-2 

•5 

1705-6 

•5 

1813-0 

•5 

1920-4! 

374 

1385-2 

403 

1492-6 

432 

1600-0 

461 

1707-4 

490 

1814-8 

519 

1922-2  ; 

•5 

1387-0 

•5 

1494-4 

•5 

1601-9 

•5 

1709-3 

•5 

1816-7 

•5 

1924-1  ; 

375 

1388-9 

404 

1496-3 

433 

1603-7 

462 

1711-1 

491 

1818-5 

520 

1925-9 

•5 

1390-7 

•5 

1498-2 

•5 

1605-6 

•5 

1713-0 

•5 

1820-4 

•5 

1927-8 

376 

1392-6 

405 

1500-0 

434 

1607-4 

463 

1714-8 

492 

1822-2 

521 

1929-6 

•5 

1394-4 

•5 

1501-9 

•5 

1609-3 

•5 

1716-7 

•5 

1824-1 

•5 

1931-5 

377 

1396-3 

406 

1503-7 

435 

1611.1 

464 

1718-5 

493 

1825-9 

522 

1933-3 

•5 

1398-2 

•5 

1505-6 

•5 

1613-0 

•5 

1720-4 

•5 

1827-8 

•5 

1935-2 

378 

1400-0 

407 

1507-4 

436 

1614-8 

465 

1722-2 

494 

1829-6 

523 

1937-0 

•5 

1401-9 

•5 

1509-3 

•5 

1616-7 

•5 

1724-1 

•5 

1831-5 

•5 

193S-9 

379 

1403-7 

408 

1511-1 

437 

1618-5 

466 

1725-9 

495 

1833-3 

524 

1940-7 

•5 

1405-6 

•5 

1513-0 

•5 

1620-4 

•5 

1727-8 

•5 

1835-2 

•5 

1942-6 

380 

1407-4 

409 

1514-8 

438 

1622-2 

467 

1729-6 

496 

18370 

525 

1944-4 

•5 

1409-3 

•5 

1516-7 

•5 

1624-1 

•5 

1731-5 

•5 

1838-9 

•5 

1946-3 

381 

1411-1 

410 

1518-5 

439 

1625-9 

468 

1733-3 

497 

1840-7 

526 

1948-2 

•5 

1413-0 

•5 

1520-4 

•5 

1627-8 

•5 

1735-2 

•5 

1842-6 

•5 

1950-0 

382 

1414-8 

411 

1522-2 

440 

1629-6 

469 

1737-0 

498 

1844-4 

527 

1951-9 

•5 

1416-7 

•5 

1524-1 

•5 

1631-5 

•5 

1738-9 

•5 

1846-3 

•5 

1953-7 

383 

1418-5 

412 

1525-9 

441 

1633-3 

470 

1740-7 

499 

1848-2 

528 

1955-6 

•5 

1420-4 

•5 

1527-8 

•5 

1635-2 

•5 

1742-6 

•5 

1850-0 

•5 

1957-4 

384 

1422-2 

413 

1529-6 

442 

1637-0 

471 

1744-4 

500 

1851-9 

529 

1959-3 

•5 

1424-1 

•5  1531-5 

•5 

1638-9 

•5 

1746-3 

•5 

1853-7 

•5  1961-1 

385 

1425-9 

414   1533-3 

443 

1640-7 

472 

1748-2 

501 

1855-6 

530   1963-0 

42 

TABLE  17. 


J  Area.1  Cubic 
eq.  ft.  Yards. 

Area. 

sq.  ft. 

Cubic 
Yards. 

Area, 
sq.  ft. 

Cubic 
Yards. 

Area 
sq.  ft 

Cubic 
Yards. 

Area, 
sq.  ft. 

Cubic 
Yards. 

Area, 
sq.  ft. 

Cubic 
Yards. 

•5  1964-8 

•5 

2072-2 

•5 

2179-6 

'5 

2287-0 

•5 

2394-4 

•5 

2501-9 

531  ,  1966-7 

560 

2074-1 

589 

2181-5 

618 

2-288-9 

647 

2396-3 

676 

2503.7 

•5 

1968-5 

•5 

2075-9 

•5 

2183-3 

•5 

2290-7 

•5 

2398-2 

•5 

2505-6 

532 

1970-4 

561 

2077-8 

590 

2185-2 

619 

2292-6 

648 

2400-0 

677 

2507-4 

•5 

1972-2 

•5 

2079-6 

•5 

2187-0 

•5 

2294-4 

•5 

2401-9 

•5 

2509-3 

533 

1974-1 

562 

2081-5 

591 

2188-9 

620 

2296-3 

649 

2403-7 

678 

2511-1 

•5 

1975-9 

•5 

2083-3 

•5 

2190-7 

•5 

22982 

•5 

2405-6 

•5 

2513-0 

534 

1977-8 

563 

2085-2 

592 

2192-6 

621 

2300-1 

650 

2407-4 

679 

2514-8 

•5 

1979-6 

•5 

2087-0 

•5 

2194-4 

•5 

2301-9 

•5 

2409-3 

•5 

2516-7 

535 

1981-5 

564 

2088-9 

593 

2196-3 

622 

2303-7 

651 

2411-1 

680 

2518-5 

•5 

1983-3 

•5 

2090-7 

•5 

2198-2 

•5 

2305-6 

•5 

2413-0 

•5 

2520-4 

536 

,1985-2 

565 

2092-6 

594 

2200-0 

623 

2307-4 

652 

2414-8 

681 

2522-2 

•5 

1987-0 

•5 

2094-4 

•5 

2201-9 

•5 

2309-3 

•5 

2416-7 

•5 

2524-1 

537  1988-9 

566 

2096-3 

595 

2203-7 

624 

2311-1 

653 

2418-5 

682 

2525-9 

•5 

1990-7 

•5 

2098-2 

•5 

2205-6 

•5 

2313-0 

•5 

2420-4 

•5 

2527-8 

538 

1992-6 

567 

2100-0 

596 

2207-4 

625 

2314-8 

654 

2422-2 

683 

2529-6 

•5  1994-4 

•5 

2101-9 

-5 

22093 

•5 

23167 

•5 

2424-1 

•5 

2531-5 

539  1996-3 

568 

2103-7 

597 

2211-1 

626 

2318-5 

655 

2425-9 

684 

2533-3 

•5  1998-2 

•5 

2105-6 

•5 

2213-0 

•5 

2320-4 

•5 

2427.8 

•5 

2535-2 

540 

2000-0 

569 

2107-4 

598 

2214-8 

627 

2322-2 

656 

2429-6 

685 

2537-0 

•5 

2001-9 

•5 

2109-3 

•5 

2?16-7 

•5 

2324-1 

•5 

2431-5 

•5 

2538-9 

541  2003-7 

570 

2111-1 

599 

2218-5 

628 

2325-9 

657 

2433-3 

686 

2540-7 

•5  2005-6 

•5 

2113-0 

-5 

2220-4 

•5 

2327-8 

•5 

2435-2 

•5 

2542-6 

542  '2007-4 

571 

2114-8 

600 

2222-2 

629 

2329-6 

658 

2437-0 

687 

2544-4 

•5  2009-3 

•5 

2116-7 

-5 

2224-1 

-5 

2331-5 

•5 

2438-9 

•5 

2546-3 

543  2011-1 

572 

2118-5 

601 

2225-9 

630 

2333-3 

659 

2440-7 

688 

2548-2 

•5  2013-0 

-5 

2120-4 

•5 

2227-8 

•5 

2335-2 

•5 

2442-6 

•5 

2550-0 

544  2014-8 

573 

2122-2 

602 

2229-6 

631 

2337-0 

660 

2444-4 

689 

2551-9 

•5  2016-7 

•5 

2124-1 

•5 

2231-5 

.5 

2338-9 

•5 

2446-3 

•5 

2553-7 

545  2018-5 

574 

2125-9 

603 

2233-3 

632 

2340-7 

661 

244.8-2 

690 

2555-6 

•5  2020-4 

-5 

2127-8 

-5 

2235-2 

•5 

2342-6 

•5 

2450-0 

•5 

2557-4 

546  2022-2 

575 

2129-6 

604 

2237-0 

633 

2344-4 

662 

2451-9 

691 

2559-3 

•5  2024.1 

-5 

2131-5 

•5 

2238-9 

.5 

2346-3 

•5 

2453-7 

•5 

2561-1 

547  2025-9 

576 

2133-3 

605 

2240-7 

634 

2348-2 

663 

2455-6 

692 

2563-0 

•5  2027-8 

•5 

2135-2 

•5 

2242-6 

•5 

2350-0 

•5 

2457-4 

•5 

2564-8 

548  2029-6 

577 

2137-0 

606 

22444 

635 

2351-9 

664 

2459-3 

693 

2566-7 

•5  2031-5 

•5 

2138-9 

-5 

2246-3 

.5 

2353-7 

•5 

2461-1 

•5 

2568-5 

549 

2033-3 

578 

2140-7 

607 

2248-2 

636 

2355-6 

665 

2463-0 

694 

2570-4 

•5 

2035-2 

-5 

2142-6 

•5 

2250-0 

.5 

2357-4 

•5 

2464-8 

•5 

2572-2 

550 

2037-0 

579 

2144-4 

608 

2251-9 

637 

2359-3 

666 

2466-7 

695 

2574-1 

•5 

2038-9 

-5 

2146-3 

•5 

2253-7 

.5 

2361-1 

•5 

2468-5 

•5 

2575-9 

551 

2040-7 

580 

2148-2 

609 

2255-6 

638 

2363-0 

667 

2470-4 

696 

2577-8 

•8 

2042-6 

-5 

2150-0 

•5 

2257-4 

.5 

2364-8 

•5 

2472-2 

-5 

2579-6 

552 

2044-4 

581 

2151-9 

610 

2259-3 

639 

2366-7 

668 

2474-1 

697 

2581-5 

•5 

2046'3 

•5 

2153-7 

-5 

2261-1 

.5 

2368-5 

•5 

2475-9 

•5 

2583-3 

553 

2048-2 

582 

2155-6 

611 

2263-0 

640 

2370-4 

669 

2477-8 

698 

2585-2 

•5 

2050-0 

•5 

2157-4 

-5 

2264-8 

.5 

2372-2 

.'5 

2479-6 

•5 

2587.0 

554 

2051-9 

583 

2159-3 

612 

2266-7 

641 

2374-1 

670 

2481-5 

699 

2588-9 

•5 

2053-7 

-5 

2161-1 

•5 

2268-5 

.5 

2375-9 

•5 

2483-3 

•5 

2590-7 

555 

2055-6 

584 

2163-0 

613 

2270-4 

642 

2377-8 

671 

2485-? 

700 

2592-6 

•5 

2057-4 

•5 

2164-8 

•5 

2272-2 

.5 

2379-6 

•5 

2487-0 

•5 

2594-4 

556 

2059-3 

585 

2166-7 

614 

2274-1 

643 

2381-2 

672 

2488-9 

701 

2596-3 

•5 

2061-1 

•5 

2168-5 

•5 

2275-9 

.5 

2383-3 

•5 

2490-7 

•5 

2598-2 

557 

2063-0 

586 

2170-4 

615 

2277-8 

644 

2385.2 

673 

2492-6 

702 

2600-0 

•5 

2064-8 

•5 

2172-2 

•5 

2279-6 

.5 

2387-0 

•5 

2494-4 

•5 

2601-9 

558 

2066-7 

587 

2174-1 

616 

2281-5 

645 

2388-9 

674 

2496-3 

703 

2603-7 

•5 

2068-5 

-5 

2175-9 

•5 

2283-3 

.5 

2390-7 

•5 

2498-2 

•5 

2605-6 

559 

2070-4 

588  12177-8 

617 

2285-2 

646 

2392-6 

675 

2500-0 

704 

2607-4 

43 

TABLE  17. 


| 

Area. 

Cubic 

Area. 

Cubic 

Area. 

Cubic 

Area. 

Cubic 

Area. 

Cubic 

Area. 

fubi; 

•1.  it. 

Yards. 

sq.  ft- 

Yards. 

sq.  ft. 

Yards. 

sq.ft. 

Yards. 

sq.ft. 

Yaids. 

81.  ft. 

Yard  . 

•5 

2609-3 

.5 

2716-7 

•5 

2824-1 

•5 

2931-5 

•5 

3038-9 

•5 

3146-3 

705 

2611-1 

734 

2718-5 

763 

2825-9 

792 

2933-3 

821 

3040-7 

850 

3148-2 

•5 

2613-0 

•5 

2720-4 

•5 

2827-8 

•5 

2935-2 

•5 

3042-6 

•5 

3150-0 

706 

2614-8 

735 

2722-2 

764 

2829-6 

793 

2937-0 

822 

3044-4 

851 

3151-9 

•5 

2616-7    '5 

2724-1 

•5 

2831-5 

•5 

2938-9 

.5 

3046-3 

•5 

3153-7 

707  ;  2618-5  736 

2725-9 

765 

2833-3 

794 

2940-7 

823 

3048-2 

852 

3155-6 

•5 

2620-4 

•5 

2727-8 

•5 

2835-2 

•5 

2942-6 

•5 

3050-0 

•5 

3157-4 

708 

2622-2 

737 

2729-6 

766 

2837-0 

795 

2944-4 

824 

3051-9 

853 

3159-3 

•5 

2624-1 

•5 

2731-5 

•5 

2838-9 

•5 

2946-3 

•5 

3053-7 

•5 

3161-1 

709 

2625-9 

738 

2733-3 

767 

2840-7 

796 

2948-2 

825 

3055-6 

854 

3163-0 

•5 

2627.8 

•5 

2735-2 

•5 

2842-6 

•5 

2950-0 

•5 

3057-4 

•5 

3164-8 

710 

2629-6 

739 

2737-0 

768 

2844-4 

797 

2951-9 

826 

3059-3 

855 

3166-7 

•5 

2631-5 

•5 

2738-9 

•5 

2846-3 

•5 

2953-7 

•5 

3061-1 

•5 

3168-5 

711 

2633-3 

740 

2740-7 

769 

2848-2 

798 

2955-6 

827 

3063-0 

856 

3170-4 

•5 

2635-2 

•5 

2742-6 

•5 

2850-0 

•5 

2957-4 

•5 

3064-8 

•5 

3172-2 

712 

2637-0 

741 

2744-4 

770 

2851-9 

799 

2959-3 

828 

3066-7 

857 

3174-1 

•5 

2638-9 

•5 

2746-3 

•5 

2853-7 

•5  2961-1 

•5 

3068.5 

•5 

3I7V9 

713 

2640-7 

742 

2748-2 

771 

2855-6 

800   2963-0 

829 

3070-4 

858 

3177-8  1 

•5 

2642-6 

•5 

2750-0 

•5 

2857-4 

•5  2964-8 

•5 

3072-2 

•5 

3179-6  | 

714 

2644-4 

743 

2751-9 

772 

2859-3 

801   2966.7 

830 

3074.1 

859 

3181-5 

•5 

2646-3 

•5 

2753-7 

•5 

2861-1 

•5 

2968-5 

•5 

3075-9 

•5 

3183-3 

715 

2648-2 

744 

2755-6 

773 

2863-0 

802 

2970-4 

831 

3077-8 

860 

3185-2 

•5 

2650-0 

•5 

2757-4 

•5 

2864-8 

•5 

2972.2 

•5 

3079-6 

•5 

3187-0! 

716 

2651-9 

745 

2759-3 

774 

2866-7 

803 

2974-1 

832 

3081-5 

861 

3188-9 

•5 

2653-7 

•5 

2761-1 

•5 

2868-5 

•5 

2975-9 

•5 

3083-3 

•5 

3190-7 

717 

2655-6 

746 

2763-0 

775 

2870-4 

804 

2977-8 

833 

3085-2 

862 

3192-6 

•5 

2657-4 

•5 

2764-8 

•5 

2872-2 

•5 

2979-6 

•5 

3087-0 

•5 

3194-4 

718 

26593 

747 

2766-7 

776 

2874-1 

805 

2981-5 

834 

3088-9 

863 

3196-3 

•5 

2661  1 

•5 

2768-5 

•5 

2875-9 

•5 

2983-3 

•5 

3090-7 

•5 

3198-2 

719 

2663.0 

748 

2770-4 

777 

2877-8 

806 

2985-2 

835 

3092-6 

864 

3200-0 

.e 

H 

2664-8 

•5 

2772-2 

•5 

2879-6 

•5 

2987-0 

•5 

3094-4 

•5 

3201-9 

720 

2666-7 

749 

2774-1 

778 

2881-5 

807 

2988-9 

836 

3096-3 

865 

3203-7 

*s 

2668-5 

•5 

2775-9 

•5 

2883-3 

•5 

2990-7 

•5 

3098-2 

•5 

3205-6 

721 

2670.4 

750 

2777-8 

779 

2885-2 

808 

2992-6 

837 

3100-0 

866 

3207-4 

•5 

2672-2 

•5 

2779-6 

•5 

2887-0 

•5 

2994-4 

•5 

3101-9 

•5 

3209-3 

722 

2674-1 

751 

2781-5 

780 

2888-9 

809 

2996-3 

838 

3103-7 

867 

3211-1 

•5 

2675-9 

•5 

2783-3 

•5 

2890-7 

•5 

2998-2 

•5 

3105-6 

•5 

3213-0 

723 

2677-8 

752 

2785-2 

781 

2892-6 

810 

3000-0 

839 

3107-4 

868 

3214-8 

•5 

2679-6 

•5 

2787-0 

•5 

2894-4 

•5 

3001-9 

•5 

3109-3 

•5 

3216-7 

724  2681-5 

753 

2788-9 

782 

2896-3 

811 

3003-7 

840 

3111-1 

869 

3218-5 

•5 

2683-3 

•5 

2790-7 

•5 

2898-2 

•5 

3005-6 

•5 

3113-0 

•5 

3220-4 

725 

2685-2 

754 

2792.6 

783 

2900-0 

812 

3007-4 

841 

3114-8 

870 

3222-2 

•5 

2687-0 

•5 

2794-4 

•5 

2901-9 

•5 

3009-3 

•5 

3116-7 

•5 

3224-  11 

726 

2688-9 

755 

2796-3 

784 

2903-7 

813 

3011-1 

842 

3118-5 

871 

3225-9 

•5 

2690-7 

•5 

2798-2 

•5 

2905-6 

•5 

3013-0 

•5 

3120-4 

•5 

3227-8 

727 

2692-6 

756 

2800-0 

785 

2907-4 

814 

3014-8 

843 

3122-2 

872 

3229-6  j 

•5  2694-4 

•5 

2801-9 

•5 

2909-3 

•5 

3016-7 

•5 

3124-1 

•5 

3231-5 

728 

2696-3 

757 

2803-7 

786 

2911-1 

815 

3018-5 

844 

3125-9 

873 

3233-3 

•5 

2698-2 

•5 

2805-6 

•5 

2913-0 

•5 

3020-4 

•5 

3127-8 

•5 

3235-2 

729 

2700-0 

758 

2807-4 

787 

2914-8 

816 

3022-2 

845 

3129-6 

874 

3237-0 

•5 

2701-9 

•5 

2809-3 

•5 

2916-7 

•5 

3024-1 

•5 

3131-5 

•5 

3238-9 

730 

2703-7 

759 

2811-1 

788 

2918-5 

817 

3025-9 

846 

3133-3 

875 

3240-7 

•5 

2705-6 

-5 

2813-0 

•5 

2920-4 

•5 

3027-8 

•5 

3135-2 

•5 

3242-6 

731 

2707-4 

760 

2814-8 

789 

2922-2 

818 

3029-6 

847 

3137-0 

876 

3244-4 

•5 

2709-3 

•5 

2816-7 

•5 

2924-1 

•5 

3031-5 

•5 

3138-9 

•5 

3243-3 

732 

2711-1 

761 

2818-5 

790 

2925-9 

819 

3033-3 

848 

3140-7 

877 

3248-2 

•5 

2713-0 

•5 

2820-4 

•5 

2927-8 

•5 

3035-2 

•5 

3142-6 

•5 

3250-0 

\733 

2714-8 

762 

2822-2 

791 

2929-6 

820 

3037-0 

849 

3144-4 

878 

3251-9 

44 


TABLE  17. 


r 

Area, 
sq.  ft. 

Cubic 
Yards. 

Area. 

sq.  ft. 

Cubic 
Yards. 

Area, 
sq.  ft. 

Cubic 
Yards. 

Area, 
sq.  ft. 

Cubic 
Yards. 

Area. 

sq.  ft. 

Cubic 
Yards. 

Area, 
sq.  ft. 

Cube 

\  ards. 

•5 

3253-7 

899 

3329-6 

•5 

3405-6 

940 

3481-5 

•5 

3557-4 

981 

3633-3 

879 

3255-6 

•5 

3331-5 

920 

3407-4 

•5 

3483-3 

961 

3559-3 

•5 

3635-2 

•5 

3257-4 

900 

3333-3 

•5 

3409-3 

941 

3485-2 

•5 

3561-1 

982 

3637-0 

880 

3259-3 

•5 

3335-2 

921 

3411-1 

•5 

3487-0 

962 

3563-0 

•5 

3638-9 

•5 

3261-1 

901 

3337-0 

•5 

3413-0 

942 

3488-9 

•5 

3564-8 

983 

3640-7 

881 

3263-0 

•5 

3338-9 

922 

3414-8 

•5 

3490-7 

963 

3566-7 

•5 

3642-6 

•5 

3264-8 

902 

3340-7 

•5 

3416-7 

943 

3492-6 

•5 

3568-5 

984 

3644-4 

882 

3266-7 

•5 

3342-6 

923 

3418-5 

•5 

3494-4 

964 

3570-4 

•5 

3646-3 

•5 

3268-5 

903 

3344-4 

•5 

3420-4 

944 

3496-3 

•5 

3572-2 

985 

3648-2 

883 

3270-4 

•5 

3346-3 

924 

3422-2 

•5 

3498-2 

965 

3574-1 

•5 

3650-0 

•5 

3272-2 

904 

33482 

•5 

3424-1 

945 

3500-0 

•5 

3575-9 

986 

3651-9 

884 

3274-1 

•5 

3350-0 

925 

3425-9 

•5 

3501-9 

966 

3577-8 

•5 

3653-7 

•5 

3275-9 

905 

3351-9 

•5 

3427-8 

946 

3503-7 

•5 

3579-6 

987 

3655-6 

885 

3277-8 

•5 

3353-7 

926 

3429-6 

•5 

3505-6 

967 

3581-5 

•5 

3657-4 

•5 

3279-6 

906 

3355-6 

•5 

3431-5 

947 

3507-4 

•5 

3583-3 

988 

3659-3 

886 

3281-5 

•5 

3357-4 

927 

3433-3 

•5 

3509-3 

968 

3585-2 

•5 

3661-1 

•5 

3283-3 

907 

3359-3 

•5 

3435-2 

948 

3511-1 

•5 

35870 

989 

3663-0 

887 

3285-2 

•5 

3361-1 

928 

3437-0 

•5 

3513-0 

969 

3588-9 

•5 

3664-8 

•5 

3287-0 

908 

3363-0 

•5 

3438-9 

949 

3514-8 

•5 

3590-7 

990 

3666-7 

1888 

3288-9 

•5 

3364-8 

929 

3440-7 

•5 

3516-7 

970 

3592-6 

•5 

3668-5 

•5 

3290-7 

909 

3366-7 

•5 

3442-6 

950 

3518-5 

•5 

3594-4 

991 

3670-4 

889 

3292-6 

•5 

3368-5 

930 

3444-4 

•5 

3520-4 

971 

3596-3 

•5 

3672-2 

•5 

3294-4 

910 

3370-4 

•5 

3446-3 

951 

3522-2 

•5 

3598-2 

992 

3674-1 

890 

3296-3 

•5 

3372-2 

931 

3448-2 

•5 

3524-1 

972 

3600-0 

•5 

3675-9 

•5 

3298;2 

911 

3374-1 

•5 

3450-0 

952 

3525-9 

•5 

3601-9 

993 

3677-8 

891 

3300-0 

•5 

3375-9 

932 

3451-9 

•5 

3527-8 

973 

3603-7 

•5 

3679-6 

•5 

3301-9 

912 

3377-8 

•5 

3453-7 

953 

3529-6 

•5 

3605-6 

994 

3681-5 

892 

3303-7 

•5 

3379-6 

933 

3455-6 

-5 

3531-5 

974 

3607-4 

•5 

3683-3 

•5 

3305-6 

913 

3381  5 

•5 

3457-4 

954 

3533-3 

•5 

3609-3 

995 

3685-2 

893 

3307-4 

•5 

3383-3 

934 

3459-3 

-5 

3535-2 

975 

3611-1 

•5 

3687-0 

•5 

3309-3 

914 

3385-2 

•5 

3461-1 

955 

3537-0 

•5 

3613-0 

996 

3688-9 

894 

3311-1 

•5 

3387-0 

935 

3463-0 

•5 

3538-9 

976 

3614-8 

•5 

3690-7 

•5 

3313-0 

915 

3388-9 

•5 

3464-8 

956 

3540-7 

•5 

3616-7 

997 

3692-6 

895 

3314-8 

•5 

3390-7 

936 

3466-7 

•5 

3542-6 

977 

3618-5 

•5 

3694-4 

•5 

3316-7 

916 

3392-6 

•5 

3468-5 

957 

3544-4 

•5 

3620-4 

998 

3696-3 

896 

3318-5 

•5 

3394-4 

937 

3470-4 

5 

3546-3 

978 

3622-2 

•5 

3698-2 

•6 

3320-4 

917 

3396-3 

•5 

3472-2 

958 

3548-2 

•5 

3624-1 

999 

3700-0 

897 

3322-2 

•5 

3398-2 

938 

3474-  1 

-5 

3550-0 

979 

3625-9 

•5 

3701-9 

•6 

3324-1 

918 

3400-0 

•5 

3475-9 

959 

3551-9 

•5 

3627-8 

1000 

3703-7 

8P8 

3325-9 

•5 

3401-9 

939 

3477-8 

•5 

3553-7 

980 

3629-6 

5 

3327-8 

919 

3403-7 

•5 

3479-6 

960 

3555-6 

•5 

3631-5 

45 


TO  PREPARE  A  TABLE,  T  (below),  OF  LEVEL  CUTTINGS,  FOR  EVERY 
OF  A  FOOT  OF  HEIGHT    OR  DEPTH. 


Let  the  fig.  represent  the  cutting  ;  or,  if 
inverted,  the  filling;  in  which  the  horizon-        ^>«* 
tal  lines  are  supposed  to  be  y0  foot  apart.  *• 

First  calculate  the  area  in  square  feet,  of  the  layer  a  b  c  o,  adjoining 
the  roadway  a  b.  Then  find  how  many  cubic  yards  that  area  gives 
in  a  distance  of  100  feet.  These  cubic  yards  we  will  call  Y;  they 
form  the  first  amount  to  be  put  into  the  table  T. 

Next  calculate  the  area  in  square  feet  of  the  triangle  a  no.  Multi- 
ply this  area  by  4.  Find  how  many  cubic  yards  this  increased  area 
gives  in  a  distance  of  100  feet.  Or  they  will  be  found  ready  calcu- 
lated a  little  farther  on.  We  will  call  them  y.  This  is  all  the  prepa- 
ration that  is  needed  before  commencing  the  table. 

Example.  Let  the  roadbed  a  b  be  18  feet,  and  the  side-slopes  1  J  to 
1,  as  in  our  preceding  table  and  diagram  No.  V.  Then  for  the  area 
of  a  b  c  o:  since  the  .side-slopes  are  1  J  to  1  ;  and  s  t  is  *1  foot;  c  o 
must  be  18*3  feet;  and  the  mean  length  of  a  6  c  o  must  be  18*15  feet. 
Consequently  the  area  is  18*15  X  -1  =  1'815  square  feet;  which,  in 
a  distance  of  100  feet,  gives  181*5  cubic  feet;  which  is  equal  to 

181*5 
-^=-  =  6*7222  cubic  yards  ;  or  Y. 

'_  i 

Next,  as  to  the  triangle  an  o  :  its  height  an  being  *1  foot,  and  its 
base  n  o  *15  feet;  its  area  =  --  ~  --  =  ~9~  =  '0075  square  ft.  This 

multiplied  by  4,  gives  '03  square  feet;  which,  in  a  distance  of  100  feet, 

3 
gives  *03  X  100  =  3  cubic  feet;  which  is  equal  to  y=  =  *1111   cubic 

yard  ;  or  y. 

Having  thus  found  Y  and  y,  proceed  to  make  out  the  table  in  the 
manner  following,  which  is  so  plain  as  to  require  no  explanation. 
The  work  should  be  tested  about  every  5  feet,  by  calculating  the  area 
of  the  full  depth  arrived  at;  multiply  it  by  100,  and  divide  the  pro- 
duct by  27  for  the  cubic  yards.  The  cubic  yards  thus  found  should 
agree  with  the  table. 


Y 6-7222 Y.  6-7222  -1 

y -1111 


6-8333 
.  -1111 

6-9444 
.  -1111 

7-0555 
.  -1111 

7-1866 
.  -1111 

7-2777 


6-8333 

13-5555 
6-9444 


27-5555  -4 
7-1666 

34-7222  -5 

7-2777 

42-0000  -6 


TABLE   T. 

Height. 
Feet. 

Cub.  Yds. 

•1  

6-72  Y. 

•2  

13-6 

•3  

20-5 

•4  

27-6 

•5  

34-7 

•6  

42-0 

&c 

46 

The  following  table  contains  y,  ready  calculated  for  different  side- 
slopes.     It  plainly  remains  the  same  for  all  widths  of  roadbed. 


Side-slope. 

y- 

Side-slope. 

y. 

1     to  1 

•0185 

If  to  1 

•1996 

$    to  1 

-0370 

2    to  1 

•1482 

£    to  1. 

-0556 

2£  to  1.... 

....    -1667 

1      to  1 

•0741 

2£  to  1 

•1859 

Ij.    to  1.. 

-0926 

3    to  1. 

•2222 

1£    to  1  

-1111 

4    to  1  . 

•2963 

Mr.  John  R.  Hudson,  C.  E.,  author  of  "  Tables  for  Calculating 
the  Cubic  Contents  of  Excavations  and  Embankments,"*  suggests  the 
following  modification  of  the  foregoing  method.  We  insert  it  with 
his  permission.  Its  advantage  is  that  it  enables  us  to  perform  all,  or 
nearly  all,  of  the  additions  mentally. 

Prepare  a  sheet  of  paper  to  contain  the  table,  ruling  it  into  eleven 
columns  as  in  fig.  A  below,  and  as  in  our  tables  1  to  14,  and  giving 
it  as  many  horizontal  lines  as  there  are  feet  in  the  greatest  depth  for 
which  the  table  is  to  be  used.  Leave  enough  space  between  the  lines 
to  allow  of  writing  pencil  figures  between  the  contents  which  finally 
constitute  the  table,  f 

Find  the  contents  for  depths  from  *1  foot  to  "9  foot  by  our  foregoing 
method,  and  write  them  in  ink  in  their  proper  places  in  the  table,  as 
in  the  first  line  of  fig.  A,  for  which  we  have  taken,  as  an  example, 
a  roadway  18  feet  wide,  with  side-slopes  of  \\  to  1,  as  in  the  preceding 
example. 

Calling  the  content  (64- 5  cubic  yards  in  the  above  example)  for  a 
depth  of  -9  foot,  "M",  add  to  it  mentally  the  quantity  "P"  (1  cubic 
yard  in  this  case)  corresponding  to  the  given  side-slope  (1J  to  1)  in 
table  X  below.  Write  their  sum,  M  -f  P,  (65'5)  in  pencil  under  the 
content  (6*7)  for  a  depth  of  '1  foot.  To  M  +  P  (65*5)  add  mentally 
another  "P"  (1  cubic  yard)  and  write  their  sum  M  -f  2  P  (66*5)  in 
pencil  under  the  content  (13'6)  for  a  depth  of  .2  foot,  i.  e.  in  the  next 
space  to  the  right.  Again,  adding  P  (1  cubic  yard)  to  this  last  sum, 
we  obtain  M  +  3P  (67'5)  which  we  write  in  pencil  under  the  content 
(20-5)  for  a  depth  of  '3  foot ;  and  so  on  until  we  write  M  -f  9  P 
(73-5)  under  the  content  M  (64-5)  for  a  depth  of  '9  foot. 

Now  call  this  9P  (9  cubic  yards)  "S",  and  add  it  in  turn  to 
each  of  the  sums  (M  -f  P,  M  +  2  P,  etc.)  just  written  in  pencil  in 
the  first  line,  writing  each  new  sum  in  pencil  in  the  lower  part  of 
the  second  line  and  always  one  column  to  the  left  of  the  quantity 


*  John  Wiley  &  Sops,  Publishers,  New  York,  second  edition,  1886. 

fin  figs.  A  and  B  the  heavy  figures  represent  ink,  and  the  light  ones  pencil. 


47 

S[  +  P,  M  4-  2  P,  etc.)  from  which  it  was  obtained.  Thus,  taking 
-f  P  (65*5)  which  we  had  pencilled  in  the  space  corresponding  to  a 
depth  of  '1  foot,  and  adding  S  (9  cubic  yards)  to  it,  we  write  their  sum 
M  +  S  -h  P  (74'5)  in  pencil  in  the  space  next  below  it  and  to  the  left, 
namely,  in  the  space  for  the  content  for  a  depth  of  one  foot.  Thus 
each  sum,  so  obtained,  is  written  in  pencil  in  the  space  corresponding 
to  a  depth  !9  foot  greater  than  that  of  the  space  which  contains  the 
quantity  (M  -f  P,  etc.)  from  which  it  was  obtained.  The  last  sum  thus 
obtained  from  the  first  line  isM  +  S+9P  =  M  +  2S  (82.5),  which 
w«-  pencil  in  the  space  corresponding  to  a  depth  of  1'8  feet.  We  next 
add  S  (9  cubic  yards)  to  M  -f  S  -f  P  (74*5)  which  we  had  pencilled 
in  the  space  for  a  depth  of  one  foot,  and  pencil  their  sum  (83'5)  in  the 
space  for  a  depth  of  1/9  feet  (*9  foot  greater,  as  before)  which  we  find 
at  the  other  end  of  the  second  line.  Proceed  now  with  the  second  line, 
as  with  the  first,  writing  the  sums  in  pencil  in  the  third  line  and  adding 
S  continuously.  Then  do  the  same  with  the  following  lines.  "When 
this  is  finished,  the  table  will  present  the  appearance  indicated  by  fig.  A. 

"We  have  selected  for  illustration  a  side-slope  of  1J  to  1,  because 
with  that  slope  the  quantity  P,  used  in  obtaining  the  contents  written 
in  ink  in  the  first  line,  is  1  cubic  yard,  and  this  renders  the  explana- 
tion simpler.  It  will  be  seen  at  once  that  each  pencilled  quantity  is 
greater  by  UP"  than  that  for  a  depth  *1  foot  less,  and  hence  that  with 
said  side-slope  of  1J  to  1,  it  would  be  easier  to  discard  the  use  of  "S", 
which  is  «  9  P,  and  simply  make  each  pencilled  quantity  throughout 
the  table  1  cubic  yard  greater  than  the  preceding  one.  But  for  most 
other  slopes  P  contains  a  fraction,  while  S  remains  a  whole  number ; 
and  in  such  cases  it  will  therefore  be  better  to  use  S  and  proceed  as 
directed  above. 

Having  thus  obtained  the  pencilled  figures  for  the  entire  table,  as 
shown  in  fig.  A  (which,  in  order  to  save  space,  we  have  extended  only 
to  a  depth  of  2  feet)  proceed  to  find  the  final  quantities  to  be  entered 
in  the  table,  and  write  them  in  ink  in  their  places  as  in  fig.  B. 

To  do  this,  add  together  the  content  (6'7)  for  depth  *1  foot,  and  the 
pencilled  sum  M  -f  P  (65'5)  immediately  below  it,  obtaining  as  their 
sum  the  content  (72*2)  for  a  depth  of  1  foot  ('9  foot  greater)  and  write 
it  in  ink  in  its  proper  place  in  the  table  as  shown  in  heavy  figures  in 
fig.  B.  Proceeding  thus  with  the  other  quantities  in  the  first  line,  we 
add  each  content  (written  in  ink)  to  the  sum  immediately  below  it 
(written  in  pencil)  and  enter  the  new  sum  in  ink  in  its  proper  place 
in  the  next  line  below  and  in  the  next  column  to  the  left,  i.  e.  in  the 
space  corresponding  to  a  depth  *9  foot  greater.  The  last  content 
thus  obtained  from  the  first  line  will  be  that  (138  cubic  yards)  for  a 
depth  of  1/8  feet.  For  a  depth  of  1*9  feet  we  now  add  the  content 
(72-2)  for  a  depth  of  1  foot,  to  the  sum,  M  -I-  P  +  S  (74-5)  pencilled 
immediately  below  it,  and  obtain  the  volume  (146'7)  for  a  depth  of  1'9 


48 

feet  and  write  it  in  ink  in  its  proper  place  at  the  other  end  of  the  second 
line.     Continue  this  process  until  the  table  is  completed,  as  in  fig.  B. 


TABLE  X. 

Slope. 
£  to  1  

PC-Si. 

16667  

S(  =  9P). 
1  5 

i    « 

33333  

....     3 

1      "     

66667  

..  ..    6 

H    "  .. 

1            

9 

2     "   

133333   

..  ..  12 

166667  

...  15 

3      "   

2            

18 

4      "   

..266667         ..         .... 

.   .  24 

FIG.  A. 

Roadway  IS  feet  wide,  side-slopes  1J  to  1. 


Depth 
in  feet. 

0 

1 
2 

.0 

.1 

.2 

.3 

.4 

Cubic  yards. 

Cubic  yards. 
6.7 
M+P 
65.5 

Cubic  yards. 
13.6 
M+2P 
66.5 

Cubic  yards. 
20.5 
M+3P 

67.5 

Cubic  yards. 
27.6 

M+4P 
68.5 

M+S+P 
74.5 

M+S+2P 
75.5 

M+S+3  P 
76.5 

•M+S+4P 
77.5 

M+S+5P 
78.5 

M+2  S+2  P 
84.5 

M+2S+3P 

85.5 

M+2S+4P 
86.5 

M+2S+5P 
87.5 

M+2S+6P 
88.5 

Depth 
in  feet. 

0 

1 
2 

.5 

.6 

.7 

.8 

.9 

Cubic  yards. 
34.7 
M+5P 
69.5 

Cubic  yards. 
42.0 

M+6P 
70.5 

Cubic  yards. 
49.4 

M+7P 
71.5 

Cubic  yards. 
56.9 

M+8P 
72.5 

Cubic  yards. 
M64.5 

M+9  P=M+S 
73.5 

M+S+6  P 
79.5 

M+S+7P 
80.5 

M+S+8P 
81.5 

M+2S 
82.5 

M+2  S+P 
83.5 

M+2S+7P 
89.5 

M+2S+8P 
90.5 

M+3S 
91.5 

M+3S+P 
92.5 

M+3S+2P 

93.5 

49 


FIG.  B. 

Roadway  IS  feet  wide,  side-slopes 


to  1. 


Depth 
in 
feet. 

0 

.0 

.1 

.2 

3 

4 

J 

.6 

.7 

.8 

.9 

Cubic 
yards. 

Cubic 
yards. 

6.7 

Cubic 
yards. 

13.6 

Cubic 
yards. 

20.5 

Cubic 
yards. 

27.6 

Cubic 
yards. 

34.7 

Cubic 
yards. 

42.0 

Cubic 
yards. 

49.4 

Cubic 
yards. 

56.9 

Cubic 
yards. 

64.5 

1 
2 

65.5 

66.5 

67.5 

68.5 

69.5 

70.5 

71.5 

72.5 

73.5 

72.2 

74.5 

80.1 

75.5 

88.0 

76.5 

96.1 

77.5 

104.2 

78.5 

112.5 

79.5 

120.9 

80.5 

129.4 
81.5 

138.0 

82.5 

146.7 

83.5 

155.6 

164.5 

173.6 

182.7 

192.0 

201.4 

210.9 

220.5 

230.S 

240.1 

84.5 

85.5 

86.5 

87.5 

88.5 

89.5 

905 

91.5 

92.5 

93.5 

X 


N 


P  is  the  sum  of  the  contents,  in  cubic  yards,  of  two  prisms,  im  or 
and  ents,  fig.  C,  each  of  which  is  100  feet  long  and  has  for  its  cross 
section  a  parallelogram,  as  i  m  o  r,  whose  depth  o  z  is  *9  foot,  and 
whose  width  i  m  is  'I  foot  X  the  ratio  of  the  horizontal  to  the  vertical 
measure  of  the  slope.  Thus,  if  the  slope  is  2  to  1,  P  is  = 

2x2x9  „  4  «  -i.ooo  r 

—  f  —  I  666,  as  in 


^ 

x 


table  X. 
S  is  =  9  P. 

Or,  for  any  slope,  calling  the  vertical  measure  of  the  slope  1,  as 
usual  : 

P  =  f  X  horizontal  measure  of  the  slope. 
S  =  6  X          "  "          "         " 

The  difference,  n  m  o  t,  between  the  section  abmn  *1  foot  deep  and 
the  section  a  b  o  t  1  foot  deep,  is  made  up  of  e  i  r  s  (=  a  b  c  d  or  a  sec- 
tion *9  foot  deep)  and  the  two  parallelograms  imor  and  ents;  or 
content  for  depth  1  foot 

=  content  for  depth  *1  foot 
-f       «        "       "      -9  foot  (=  M) 
-f  twice  content  for  parallelogram  imor 
=  content  for  depth  -1  foot  -f  M  -f  P. 


50 

Similarly,  the  difference  gfh  k,  between  section  a  bfg,  '2  foot  deep 
and  a  b  h  k  1*1  feet  deep,  is  made  up  of  p  I  q  u  (=  a  b  c  d  -9  foot 
deep)  and  the  two  parallelograms  Ifh  q  and  pgku,  together  =  2  P, 
or, 

content  for  depth  1/1  feet 

=  content  for  depth  -2  foot  +  M  +  2  P 
and  so  on;  or, 

content  for  any  depth  X 

=  content  for  depth  Y,  '9  foot  less  than  X, 

+  M 

-f  P  x  number  of  tenths  in  depth  Y. 

To  CALCULATE  BEFOREHAND  THE  CUBIC  CONTENTS  OF  BORROW-PITS, 

The  method  of  doing 
this  most  readily,  is 
based  upon  the  fol-  A 
lowing  rule,  for  find- 
ing the  contents  of 
any  frustum,*  as  A,  g 
B,  or  C,  of  a  square  f 
prism,  no  matter  how 
the  two  ends  may  be 
inclined  with  regard  £ 
to    each    other;    or 
whether  one,  or  nei- 
ther of  them,  is  pa- 
rallel to  the  original 
base  of  the  prism. 

*  Generally  misspelt  "frustrum." 

f  This  rule  applies  also  to  frustums  of  prisms  whose  cross-sections  perpendicular 
to  the  parallel  sides  are  either  any  triangle,  any  parallelogram,  or  any  regular  polygon 
of  any  number  of  sides  whatever.  The  parallel  edges  must  in  every  case  be  added 
together,  and  divided  by  their  number,  for  a  mean  length.  In  a  square  prism  this 
number  is  4 ;  in  a  triangular  one  3,  &c. 

If  the  frustum  is  that  of  an  irregular  4-sided,  or  polygonal  prism,  it  must  be  con- 
sidered as  made  up  of  a  number  of  triangular  prisms,  which  must  be  calculated 
separately  and  added  together  for  the  total  content.  Thus,  let  D  represent  the  cross- 
section  of  an  irregular  prism,  perpendicular  to  its  parallel  sides.  From  any  angle, 
as  m,  draw  lines  mo,  mp,  dividing  it  into  triangles.  Calculate  the  area  of  each  tri- 
angle separately,  and  find  the  solidity  of  each  triangular  frustum,  by  first  measuring 
the  lengths  of  its  three  parallel  edges,  and  then  obtaining  their  mean  length,  which 
multiply  by  their  triangular  area. 

THE    SOLIDITY    OR    CONTENT    OP    ANY   FRUSTUM  WHATEVER,   OP  ANY   PRISM,  WHETHER 

REGULAR  OR  IRREGULAR,  OR  OP  A  CYLINDER,  may  be  found  thus :  Consider  either  of 
its  two  ends,  as  R,  to  be  its  base,  and  find  the  area  of  that  end.  Find  also  the 
centre  of  gravity,  g,  of  the  other  end,  and  measure  the  perpendicular  height  g  s,  of 
the  frustum.  Multiply  the  area  of  the  base  just  found,  by  this  height;  the  product 
will  be  the  content. 

The  centre  of  gravity,  g,  may  be  found  by  cutting  out  a  figure  of  the  end  t  w  from 
pasteboard,  and  balancing  it  in  two  directions  over  a  sharp  edge. 


51 

RULE.  Measure  and  add  together  the  four  parallel  edges,  (as  11,  22, 
33,  44,  of  the  frustum  C.)  Divide  their  sum  by  4,  for  a  mean  length. 
Multiply  this  mean  length  by  the  area  of  the  frustum  at  right  angles  to 
said  parallel  edges.  The  product  will  be  the  required  content. 

To  apply  this  rule  to  borrow- pits,  the  surface  of  the  ground  is  first 
staked  out  in  squares.  If  the  surface  is  sloping  or  irregular,  the  tape- 
line  must  be  held  horizontally,  while  laying  out  the  sides  of  the 
squares.  When  the  ground  is  very  irregular,  these  squares  should  be 
of  such  a  size  that  each  one  of  them  may  without  material  error  be 
considered  to  be  a  plane  surface,  either  horizontal  or  sloping.  The 
depth  of  the  horizontal  bottom  of  the  pit,  below  a  certain  given  mark, 
or  datum,  being  first  determined  on,  levels  are  then  taken  at  all  the 
corners  of  the  squares  to  ascertain  the  depth  of  digging  at  each  corner. 
These  depths  plainly  give  the  lengths  of  the  four  parallel  edges  of 
each  frustum ;  each  frustum  may  then  be  calculated  separately,  and 
the  whole  added  together. 


COST    OF    EARTHWORK. 

ARTICLE  1. 

It  is  advisable  to  pay  for  this  kind  of  work  by  the  cubic  yard  of 
excavation  only,  instead  of  allowing  separate  prices  for  excavation  and 
embankment.  By  this  means  we  get  rid  of  the  difficulty  of  measure- 
ments, as  well  as  the  controversies  and  lawsuits  which  often  attend 
the  determination  of  the  allowance  to  be  made  for  the  settlement  or 
subsidence  of  the  embankments. 

It  is,  moreover,  our  opinion  that  justice  to  the  contractor  should 
lead  to  the  English  practice  of  paying  the  laborers  by  the  cubic  yard, 
instead  of  by  the  day.  Experience  fully  proves  that  when  laborers 
are  scarce  and  wages  high,  men  can  scarcely  be  depended  upon  to 
do  three-fourths  of  the  work  which  they  readily  accomplish  when 
wages  are  low,  and  when  fresh  hands  are  waiting  to  be  hired  in  case 
any  are  discharged.  The  contractor  is  thus  placed  at  the  mercy  of 
his  men.  The  writer  has  known  the  most  satisfactory  results  to 
attend  a  system  of  task-work,  accompanied  by  liberal  premiums  for 
all  overwork.  By  this  means  the  interests  of  the  laborers  are  identi- 
fied with  that  of  the  contractor,  and  every  man  takes  care  that  the 
others  shall  do  their  fair  share  of  the  task. 

Ellwood  Morris,  C.  E.,  of  Philadelphia,  was,  we  believe,  the  first 
person  who  properly  investigated  the  elements  of  cost  of  earthwork, 
and  reduced  them  to  such  a  form  as  to  enable  us  to  calculate  the  total 
with  a  considerable  degree  of  accuracy.  He  published  his  results  in 
the  Journal  of  the  Franklin  Institute  in  1841.  His  paper  forms  the 
basis  on  which,  with  some  variations,  we  shall  consider  the  matter,  and 


52 

on  which  we  shall  extend  it  to  wheelbarrows,  as  well  as  to  carts. 
Throughout  this  paper  we  speak  of  a  cubic  yard  considered  only  as 
solid  in  its  place,  or  before  it  is  loosened  for  removal.  It  is  scarcely 
necessary  to  add  that  the  various  items  can  of  course  only  be  regarded 
as  tolerably  close  approximations,  oy  averages.  As  before  stated,  the 
men  do  less  work  when  wages  are  high,  and  more  when  they  are  low. 
A  great  deal  besides  depends  on  the  skill,  observation,  and  energy  of 
the  contractor  and  his  superintendents.  It  is  no  unusual  thing  to  see 
two  contractors  working  at  the  same  prices,  in  precisely  similar  mate- 
rial, where  one  is  making  money,  and  the  other  losing  it,  from  a  want 
of  tact  in  the  proper  distribution  of  his  forces,  keeping  his  roads  in 
order,  having  his  carts  and  barrows  well  filled,  &c.,  &c.  Uncom- 
monly long  spells  of  wet  weather  may  seriously  aifect  the  cost  of  exe- 
cuting earthwork, by  making  it  more  difficult  to  loosen,  load,  or  empty ; 
besides  keeping  the  roads  in  bad  order  for  hauling. 

The  aggregate  cost  of  excavating  and  removing  earth  is  made  up 
by  the  following  items,  namely : 

1st.  Loosening  the  earth  ready  for  the  shovellers. 

2d.  Loading  it  by  shovels  into  the  carts  or  barrows. 

3d.  Hauling,  or  wheeling  it  away,  including  emptying  and  returning. 

4th.  Spreading  it  out  into  successive  layers  on  the  embankment. 

5th.  Keeping  the  hauling-road  for  carts ,  or  the  plank  gangways  for 
barrows,  in  good  order. 

6th.  Wear^  sharpening,  depreciation,  and  interest  on  cost  of  tools. 

7th.  Superintendence  and  water-carriers. 

8th.  Profit  to  the  contractor. 

We  will  consider  these  items  a  little  in  detail,  basing  our  calcula- 
tions on  the  assumption  that  common  labor  costs  $1  per  day  of  10 
working  hours.  The  results  in  our  tables  must  therefore  be  increased 
or  diminished  in  about  the  same  proportion  as  common  labor  costs 
more  or  less  than  this. 

ARTICLE  2. 

LOOSENING  THE  EARTH  READY  FOR  THE  SHOVELLERS. — This  is 
generally  done  either  by  ploughs  or  by  picks ;  more  cheaply  by  the 
first.  A  plough  with  two  horses,  and  two  men  to  manage  them,  at 
$1  per  day  for  labor,  75  cents  per  day  for  each  horse,  and  37  cents 
per  day  for  plough,  including  harness,  wear,  repairs,  &c.,  or  a  total 
of  $3.87,  wiH  loosen,  of  strong  heavy  soils,  from  200  to  300  cubic 
yards  a  day,  at  from  1*93  to  1*29  cents  per  yard ;  or  of  ordinary 
loam,  from  400  to  600  cubic  yards  a  day,  at  from  '97  to  '64  of  a  cent 
per  yard.  Therefore,  as  an  ordinary  average,  we  may  assume  the 
actual  cost  to  the  contractor  for  loosening  by  the  plough,  as  follows : 
strong  heavy  soils,  1*5  cents ;  common  loam,  *8  cent ;  light  sandy  soils, 
•4  cent.  Very  stiff  pure  clay,  or  obstinate  cemented  gravel,  may  be 
set  down  at  2*5  cents ;  they  require  three  or  four  horses. 


53 

By  the  pick,  a  fair  day's  work  is  about  14  yards  of  stiff  pure  clay, 
or  of  cemented  gravel ;  25  yards  of  strong  heavy  soils ;  40  yards  of 
common  loam ;  60  yards  of  light  sandy  soils — all  measured  in  place ; 
which,  at  $  1  per  day  for  labor,  gives,  for  stiff  clay,  7  cents ;  heavy 
soils,  4  cents;  loam,  2*5  cents;  light  sandy  soil,  1*666  cents.  Pure 
sand  requires  but  very  little  labor  for  loosening ;  '5  of  a  cent  will 
cover  it. 

ARTICLE  3. 

SHOVELLING  THE  LOOSENED  EARTH  INTO  CARTS. — The  amount 
shovelled  per  day  depends  partly  upon  the  weight  of  the  material, 
but  more  upon  so  proportioning  the  number  of  pickers  and  of  carts 
to  that  of  shovellers,  as  not  to  keep  the  latter  waiting  for  either  mate- 
rial or  carts.  In  fairly  regulated  gangs,  the  shovellers  into  carts  are 
not  actually  engaged  in  shovelling  for  more  than  six-tenths  of  their 
time,  thus  being  unoccupied  but  four-tenths  of  it;  while,  under  bad 
management,  they  lose  considerably  more  than  one-half  of  it.  A  shovel- 
ler can  readily  load  into  a  cart  one-third  of  a  cubic  yard  measured  in 
place  (and  which  is  an  average  working  cart-load),  of  sandy  soil,  in  five 
minutes ;  of  loam,  in  six  minutes ;  and  of  any  of  the  heavy  soils,  in 
seven  minutes.  This  would  give,  for  a  day  of  10  working  hours,  120 
loads,  or  40  cubic  yards  of  light  sandy  soil ;  100  loads,  or  33J  cubic 
yards  of  loam;  or  86  loads,  or  28*7  yards  of  the  heavy  soils.  But  from 
these  amounts  we  must  deduct  four-tenths  for  time  necessarily  lost ; 
thus  reducing  the  actual  working  quantities  to  24  yards  of  light  sandy 
soil,  20  yards  of  loam,  17'2  yards  of  the  heavy  soils.  When  the 
shovellers  do  less  than  this,  there  is  some  mismanagement. 

Assuming  these  as  fair  quantities,  then,  at  $  1  per  day  for  labor,  the 
actual  cost  to  the  contractor  for  shovelling  per  cubic  yard  measured  in 
place,  will  be,  for  sandy  soils,  4*167  cents ;  loam,  5  cents  ;  heavy  soils, 
clays,  &c.,  5'81  cents. 

In  practice,  the  carts  are  not  usually  loaded  to  any  less  extent  with 
the  heavier  soils  than  with  the  lighter  ones.  Nor,  indeed,  is  there 
any  necessity  for  so  doing,  inasmuch  as  the  difference  of  weight  of  a 
cart  and  one-third  of  a  cubic  yard  of  the  various  soils  is  too  slight  to 
need  any  attention;  especially  when  the  cart-road  is  kept  in  good 
order,  as  it  will  be  by  any  contractor  who  understands  his  own  inter- 
est. Neither  is  it  necessary  to  modify  the  load  on  account  of  any 
slight  inclinations  which  may  occur  in  the  grading  of  roads.  Au 
earth-cart  weighs  by  itself  about  J  a  ton. 

ARTICLE  4. 

HAULING  AWAY  THE  EARTH,  DUMPING  OR  EMPTYING,  AND  RE- 
TURNING TO  RELOAD. — The  average  speed  of  horses  in  hauling  is 
about  2 £  miles  per  hour,  or  200  feet  per  minute ;  which  is  equal  to 
100  feet  of  trip  each  way ;  or  to  100  feet  of  lead,  as  the  distance  to 


54 

which  the  earth  is  hauled  is  technically  called.  Beside  this,  theie  in 
a  loss  of  about  four  mimites  in  every  trip,  whether  long  or  short,  in 
waiting  to  load,  dumping,  turning,  &c.  Hence,  every  trip  will  occupy 
as  many  minutes  as  there  are  lengths  of  100  feet  each  in  the  lead ; 
and  four  minutes  beside.  Therefore,  to  find  the  number  of  trips  per 
day  over  any  given  average  lead,  we  divide  the  number  of  minutes 
in  a  working  day  by  the  sum  of  4  added  to  the  number  of  100-feet 
lengths  contained  in  the  distance  to  which  the  earth  has  to  be  removed ; 
that  is, 

The  number  (600)  of  minutes  in  a  working  day  _  the  number  of  trips,  or  loads 
4  -j-  the  number  of  100-feet  lengths  in  the  lead       removed  per  day,  per  cart. 

And  since  J  of  a  cubic  yard  measured  before  being  loosened,  makes 
an  average  cart-load,  the  number  of  loads,  divided  by  3,  will  give  the 
number  of  cubic  yards  removed  per  day  by  each  cart ;  and  the  cubic 
yards  divided  into  the  total  expense  of  a  cart  per  day,  will  give  the 
cost  per  cubic  yard  for  hauling. 

Remark. — When  removing  loose  rock,  which  requires  more  time  for 
loading,  say, 

No.  of  minutes  (600)  in  a  working  day.  _  No.  of  loads  removed 
~6  4-  No.  of  100-feet  lengths  of  lead.     =  per  day,  per  cart. 

In  leads  of  ordinary  length  one  driver  can  attend  to  4  carts ;  which, 
at  $1  per  day,  is  25  cents  per  cart.  When  labor  is  at  $1  per  day  the 
expense  of  a  horse  is  usually  about  75  cents ;  and  that  of  the  cart, 
including  harness,  tar,  repairs,  &c.,  25  cents,  making  the  total  daily 
cost  per  cart  $1.25.  The  expense  of  the  horse  is  the  same  on  Sundays 
and  on  rainy  days,  as  when  at  work ;  and  this  consideration  is  included 
in  the  75  cents.  Some  contractors  employ  a  greater  number  of  drivers, 
who  also  help  to  load  the  carts,  so  that  the  expense  is  about  the  same 
in  either  case. 

Example.'  How  many  cubic  yards  of  loam,  measured  in  the  cut, 
can  be  hauled  by  a  horse  and  cart  in  a  day  of  10  working-hours,  (600 
minutes,)  the  lead,  or  length  of  haul  of  earth  being  1000  feet,  (or  10 
lengths  of  100  feet,)  and  what  will  be  the  expense  to  the  contractor 
for  hauling,  per  cubic  yard,  assuming  the  total  cost  of  cart,  horse,  and 
driver,  at  $1-25? 

600  minutes  600  1 43  loads 

Here>  4  +  10  lengths  of  100  feet,  =  T4  ==  43  loads'  And  '  TT 

125  cents 
14-3  cubic  yards.     And  14.o  cub — ^T  =          °entS  per  CU       y 

In  this  manner  the  2d  and  3d  columns  of  the  following  tables  have 
been  calculated. 


55 
ARTICLE  5. 

SPREADING,  OR  LEVELLING  OFF  THE  EARTH  INTO  REGULAR 
THIN  LAYERS  ON  THE  EMBANKMENT. — A  bankman  will  spread  from 
50  to  100  cub.  yds.  per  day  of  either  common  loam,  or  any  of  the 
heavier  soils,  clays,  &c.,  depending  on  their  dryness.  This,  at  $1  per 
day,  is  1  to  2  cents  per  cubic  yard;  and  we  may  assume  1 J  cents  as  a 
fair  average  for  such  soils ;  while  1  cent  will  suffice  for  light  sandy  soils. 

This  expense  for  spreading  is  saved  when  the  earth  is  either 
dumped  over  the  end  of  the  embankment,  or  is  wasted ;  still,  about 
J  cent  per  yard  should  be  allowed  in  either  case  for  keeping  the 
dumping-places  clear  and  in  order. 


ARTICLE  6. 

KEEPING  THE  CART-ROAD  IN  GOOD  ORDER  FOR  HAULING. — No 
ruts  or  puddles  should  be  allowed  to  remain  unfilled  ;  rain  should  at 
once  be  led  off  by  shallow  ditches ;  and  the  road  be  carefully  kept  in 
good  order ;  otherwise  the  labor  of  the  horses,  and  the  wear  of  carts, 
will  be  very  greatly  increased.  It  is  usual  to  allow  so  much  per 
cubic  yard  for  road  repairs ;  but  we  suggest  so  much  per  cubic  yard, 
per  100  feet  of  lead ;  say  -^  of  a  cent. 


ARTICLE  7. 

WEAR,  SHARPENING,  AND  DEPRECIATION  OF  PICKS  AND  SHO- 
VELS.— Experience  shows  that  about  J  of  a  cent  per  cubic  yard  will 
cover  this  item. 

SUPERINTENDENCE  AND  WATER-CARRIERS. — These  expenses  will 
vary  with  local  circumstances ;  but  we  agree  with  Mr.  Morris,  that  1 J 
cents  per  cubic  yard  will,  under  ordinary  circumstances,  cover  both 
of  them.  An  allowance  of  about  J  cent  may  in  justice  be  added  for 
extra  trouble  in  digging  the  side-ditches;  levelling  off  the  bottom  of 
the  cut  to  grade  ;  and  general  trimming  up.  In  very  light  cuttings 
this  may  be  increased  to  J  cent  per  cubic  yard. 

At  J  cent,  all  the  items  in  this  Article  amount  to  2  cents  per  cubic 
yard  of  cut. 

ARTICLE  8. 

PROFIT  TO  THE  CONTRACTOR. — This  may  generally  be  set  down  at 
from  6  to  15  per  cent.,  according  to  the  magnitude  of  the  work,  the 
risks  incurred,  and  various  incidental  circumstances.  Out  of  this 
item  the  contractor  generally  has  to  pay  clerks,  storekeepers,  and 
other  agents,  as  well  as  the  expenses  of  shanties,  &c. ;  although  these 


56 

are  in  most  cases  repaid  by  the  profits  of  the  stores ;  and  by  the  rates 
of  boarding  and  lodging  paid  to  the  contractors  by  the  laborers. 


ARTICLE  9. 

* 

A  knowledge  of  the  foregoing  items  enables  us  to  calculate  with 
tolerable  accuracy  the  cost  of  removing  earth.  For  example,  let  it 
be  required  to  ascertain  the  cost  per  cubic  yard  of  excavating  common 
loam,  measured  in  place;  and  of  removing  it  into  embankment,  with  an 
average  haul  or  lead  of  1000  feet ;  the  wages  of  laborers  being  $1  per 
day  of  10  working  hours ;  a  horse  75  cents  a  day ;  and  a  cart  25  cents. 
One  driver  to  four  carts. 

Cents. 

Here  we  have  cost  of  loosening,  say  by  pick,  Art.  2,  per  cubic  yard,  say,  2-50 
Loading  into  carts,  Art.  3,  ««  "          5  00 

Hauling  1000  feet,  as  calculated  previously  in  example,  Art.  4,        "          8-74 
Spreading  into  layers,  Art.  6,  "  1-50 

Keeping  cart-road  in  repair,  Art.  6,  10  lengths  of  100ft.,  1-00 

Various  items  in  Art.  7,        .         .        .        .2-00 


Total  cost  to  contractor, 20-74 

Add  contractor's  profit,  say  10  per  cent.,  .  2-074 

Total  cost  per  cubic  yard  to  the  company,      .         .         22-814 

It  is  easy  to  construct  a  table  like  the  following,  of  costs  per  cubic 
yard,  for  different  lengths  of  lead.  Columns  2  and  3  are  first 
obtained  by  the  Rule  in  Article  4 ;  then  to  each  amount  in  column 
3  is  added  the  variable  quantity  of  -f-q  of  a  cent  for  every  100  feet 
length  of  lead,  for  keeping  the  road  in  order ;  and  the  constant  quan- 
tity (for  any  given  kind  of  soil)  composed  of  the  prices  per  cubic 
yard,  for  loosening,  loading,  spreading,  or  wasting,  &c.,  either  taken 
from  the  preceding  Articles ;  or  modified  to  suit  particular  circum 
stances.  In  this  manner  the  tables  have  been  prepared. 


57 


BY  CARTS.— LABOR  $1  PER  DAY,  OF  10  WORKING  HOURS. 


1 

« 

I 

COMMON  LOAM. 

STRONG  HEAVY  SOILS. 

1~ 

Ji 

Z 

e" 

~-  a 

It 

TOTAL   COST     PER    CUBIC    YARD, 

TOTAL    COST  PER   CUBIC    YARD, 

ii" 

M 

EXCLUSIVE      OF     PROFIT     TO 

EXCLUSIVE      OF     PROFIT     TO 

•c  o 

3  >» 

it 

COKTRACTOR. 

CONTRACTOR. 

>2  J3 
"StJ 

«  •§ 

•si 

i! 

1 

1 

if 

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ll 

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!-- 

111 

If-al 

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111 

f-g| 

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"&_« 

£  3 

**  a 

0    CS    fc 

0     *     Q. 

631 

=  •£> 
2 

aa 

£    & 

5  * 

5    & 

£  * 

£    & 

S    £ 

£   £ 

£    £ 

F.et. 

cub.  yds. 

eta. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

25 

47-0 

2-66 

13-69 

12-44 

11-99 

10-74 

16-00 

14-75 

13-50 

12-25 

50 

44-4 

2-81 

13-86 

12-61 

12-16 

10-91 

16-17 

14-92 

13-67 

12-42 

75 

42-1 

2-97 

14-05 

12-80 

12-35 

11-10 

16-36 

15-11 

13-86 

12-61 

100 

40-0 

3-12 

14-22 

12-97 

12-52 

11-27 

16-53 

15-28 

14-03 

12-78 

150 

36-4 

3-43 

14-58 

13-33 

12-88 

11-63 

16-89 

15-64 

14-39 

13-14 

200 

33-3 

3-75 

14-95 

13-70 

13-25 

12-00 

17-26 

16-01 

14-76 

13-51 

300 

28-6 

4-37 

15-67 

14-42 

13-97 

12-72 

17-98 

16-73 

15-48 

14-23 

400 

2-3-0 

5-00 

16-40 

15-15 

14-70 

13-45 

18-71 

17-46 

16-21 

14-96 

500 

22-2 

5-63 

17-13 

15-88 

15-43 

14-18 

19-44 

18-19    16-94 

15-69 

600 

20-0 

6-25 

17-85 

16-60 

16-15 

14-90 

20-16 

18-91 

17-66 

16-41 

700 

18-2 

6-87 

18-57 

17-32 

16-87 

15-62 

20-88 

19-63 

18-38 

17-13 

800 

16-7 

7-48 

19-28 

18-03 

17-58 

16-33 

21-59 

20-34 

19-09 

17-84 

900 

15-4 

8-12 

19-92 

18-67 

18-22 

16-97 

22-23 

20-98 

19-73 

18-48 

1000 

14-3 

8-74 

20-74 

19-49 

19-04 

17-79 

23-05 

21-80 

20-55 

19-30 

1100 

13-3 

9-40 

21-50 

20-25 

19-80 

18-55 

23-81 

22-56 

21-31 

20-06 

1300 

12-5 

10-0 

22-20 

20-95 

20-50 

19-25 

24-51 

23-26 

22-01 

20-76 

1300 

11-8 

10-6 

22-90 

21-65 

21-20 

19-95 

25-21 

23-96 

22-71 

21-46 

1400 

11-1 

11-2 

23-60 

22-35 

21-90 

20-65 

25-91 

24-66' 

23-41 

22-16 

1500 

10-6 

11-9 

24-40 

23-15 

22-70 

21-45 

26-71 

25-46 

24-21 

22-96 

1600 

10-0 

12-5 

25-10 

23-85 

23-40 

22-15 

27-41 

26-16 

24-91 

23-66 

1700 

9-52 

13-1 

25-80 

24-55 

24-10 

22-85 

28-11 

26-86 

25-61 

24-36 

1800 

9-09 

13-7 

26-50 

25-25 

24-80 

23-55 

28-81 

27-56 

26-31 

25-06 

1900 

8-70 

14-4 

27-30 

26-05 

25-60 

24-35 

29-61 

28-36 

27-11 

25-86 

2000 

8-33 

15-0 

28-00 

26-75 

26-30 

25-05 

30-31 

29-06 

27-81 

26-56 

2250 

7-54 

16-6 

29-85 

28-60 

28-15 

26-90 

32-16 

30-91 

29-66 

28-41 

2500 

6-90 

18-1 

31-60 

30-35 

29-90 

28-65 

33-91 

32-66 

31-41 

30-16 

£  mile 

6-58 

19-0 

32-64 

31-39 

30-94 

29-69 

34-95 

33-70 

32-45 

31-20 

3000 

5-88 

21-2 

35-20 

33-95 

33-50 

32-25 

37-51 

36-26 

35-01 

33-76 

3250 

5-48 

22-8 

37-05 

35-80 

35-35 

34-10 

39-36 

38-11 

36-86 

35-61 

3500 

5-13 

24-3 

38-80 

37-55 

37-10 

35-85 

41-11 

39-86 

38-61 

37-36 

3750 

4-82 

25-9 

40-65 

39-40 

38-95 

37-70 

42-96 

41-71 

40-46 

39-21 

4000 

4-54 

27-5 

42-50 

41-25 

40-80 

39-55 

44-81 

43-56 

42-31 

41-06 

4250 

4-30 

29-1 

44-35 

43-10 

42-65 

41-40 

46-66 

45-41 

44-16 

42-91 

1500 

4-08 

30-6 

46-10 

44-85 

44-40 

43-15 

48-41 

47-16 

45-91 

44-66 

4750 

3-88 

32-2 

47-95 

46-70 

46-25 

45-00 

50-26 

49-01 

47-76 

46-51 

5000 

3-70 

33-8 

49-80 

48-55 

48-10 

46-85 

52-11 

50-86 

49-61 

48-36 

1  mile 

3-52 

35-5 

51-78 

50-53 

50-08 

48-83 

54-09 

52-84 

51-59 

50-34 

IJm. 

2-86 

43-8 

61-40 

60-15 

59-70 

58-45 

63-71 

62-46 

61-21 

59-96 

1£  m. 

2-40 

52-1 

71-02 

69-77 

69-32 

68-07 

73-33 

72-08 

70-83 

69-58 

l|m. 

2-07 

60-4 

80-64 

79-39 

78-94 

77-69 

82-95 

81-70 

80-45 

79-20 

2    m. 

1-82 

68-7 

90-26 

89-01 

88-56 

87-31 

92-57 

91-32 

90-07 

88-82 

58 


BY  CARTS.— LABOR  $1  PER  DAY,  OF  10  WORKING  HOURS. 


1 

I 

\ 

PURE  STIFF  CLAY,  OR 

LIGHT  SANDY  SOILS. 

p 

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J 

CEMENTED  GRAVEL. 

ai 

,2 

§  a 

• 

it 

If 

TOTAL   COST    PER    CUBIC    YARD, 

TOTAL    COST  PER   CUBIC    YARD, 

2  •a" 

&s 

EXCLUSIVE      OF     PROFIT     TO 

EXCLUSIVE      OF      PROFIT     TO 

u-2 

o£ 

£  C? 

CONTRACTOR. 

CONTRACTOR.      (CENTS.) 

°-J3 

Is? 

*'?>   • 

Jj 

o-o 

«& 

If 

•0 

•3 

j! 

fs 

11 

p 

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III 

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111 

111 

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s  =  s 

5 

£S 

J.S 

f    Sf 

•—         CXi 

5% 

S    Sf 

S    is 

—  *         Q< 

>• 

1     Feet. 

cub.  yds. 

Ctfi. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts.     j 

25 

47-0 

2-66 

19-00 

17-75 

14-50 

13-25 

11-52 

10-77 

10-25 

9-501 

50 

44-4 

2-81 

19-17 

17-92 

14-67 

13-42 

11-69 

10-94 

10-42 

9-G7 

75 

42-1 

2-97 

19-36 

18-11 

14-86 

13-61 

11-88 

11-13 

10-61 

9-86 

100 

40-0 

3-12 

19-53 

18-28 

15-03 

13-78 

12-05 

11-30 

10-78 

10-03 

150 

36-4 

3-43 

19-89 

18-64 

15-39 

14-14 

12-41 

11-66 

11-14 

10-39 

200 

33-3 

3-75 

20-26 

19-01 

15-76 

14-51 

12-78 

12-03 

11-51 

10-76 

300 

28-6 

4-37 

20-98 

19-73 

16-48 

15-23 

13-50 

12-75 

12-23 

11-48 

400 

25-0 

5-00 

21-71 

20-46 

17-21 

15-96 

14-23 

13-48 

12-46 

12-21 

500 

22-2 

5-63 

22-44 

21-19 

17-94 

16-69 

14-96 

14-21 

13-69 

12-94 

600 

20-0 

6-25 

23-16 

21-91 

18-66 

17-41 

15-68 

14-93 

14-41 

13-66 

700 

18-2 

6-87 

23-88 

22-63 

19-38 

18-13 

16-40 

15-65 

15-13 

14-38 

800 

16-7 

7-48 

2.4-59 

23-34 

20-09 

18-84 

17-11 

16-36 

15-84 

15-09 

900 

15-4 

8-12 

25-23 

23-98 

20-73 

19-48 

17-75 

17-00 

16-48 

15-73 

1000 

14-3 

8-74 

26-05 

24-80 

21-55 

20-30 

18-57 

17-82 

17-30 

16-55 

1100 

13-3 

9-40 

26-81 

25-56 

22-31 

21-06 

19-33 

18-58 

18-06 

17-31 

1200 

12-5 

10-0 

27-51 

26-26 

23-01 

21-76 

20-03 

19-28 

18-76 

18-01 

1300 

11-8 

10-6 

28-21 

26-96 

23-71 

22-46 

20-73 

19-98 

19-46 

18-71 

1400 

11-1 

11-2 

28-91 

27-66 

24-41 

23-16 

21-43 

20-68 

20-16 

19-41 

1500 

10-5 

11-9 

29-71 

28-46 

25-21 

23-96 

22-23 

21-48 

20-96 

20-21 

1600 

10-0 

12-5 

30-41 

29-16 

25-91 

24-66 

22-93 

22-18 

21-66 

20-91 

1700 

9-52 

13-1 

31-11 

29-86 

26-61 

25-36 

23-63 

22-88 

22-36 

21-61 

1800 

9-09 

13-7 

31-81 

30-56 

27-31 

26-06 

24-33 

23-58 

23-06 

22-31 

1900 

8-70 

14-4 

32-61 

31-36 

28-11 

26-86 

25-13 

24-38 

23-86 

23-11 

2000 

8-33 

15-0 

33-31 

32-06 

28-81 

27-56 

25-83 

25-08 

24-56 

23-81 

2250 

7-54 

16-6 

35-16 

33-91 

30-66 

29-41 

27-68 

26-93 

26-41 

25-66 

2500 

6-90 

18-1 

36-91 

35-66 

32-41 

31-16 

29-43 

28-68 

28-16 

27-41 

£  mile 

6-58 

19-0 

37-95 

36-70 

33-45 

32-20 

30-47 

29-72 

29-20 

28-45 

3000 

5-88 

21-2 

40-51 

39-26 

36-01 

34-76 

33-03 

32-28 

31-76 

31-01 

3250 

6-48 

22-8 

42-36 

41-11 

37-86 

36-61 

34-88 

34-13 

33-61 

32-86 

3500 

6-13 

24-3 

44-11 

42-86 

39-61 

38-36 

36-63 

35-88 

35-36 

34-61 

3750 

4-82 

25-9 

45-96 

44-71 

41-46 

40-21 

38-48 

37-73 

37-21 

36-46 

4000 

4-54 

27-5 

47-81 

46-56 

43-31 

42-06 

40-33 

39-58 

39-06 

38-31 

4250 

4-30 

29-1 

49-66 

48-41 

45-16 

43-91 

42-18 

41-45 

40-93 

40-18 

4500 

4-08 

30-6 

61-41 

50-16 

46-91 

45-66 

43-93 

43-18 

42-66 

41-91 

4750 

3-88 

32-2 

53-26 

62-01 

48-76 

47-51 

45-78 

45-03 

44-51 

43-76 

6000 

3-70 

38-8 

55-11 

53-86 

60-61 

49-36 

47-63 

46-88 

46-36 

45-61 

1  mile 

3-52 

35-5 

57-09 

55-84 

52-59 

51-34 

49-61 

48-86 

48-34 

47-59 

ljm. 

2-86 

43-8 

66-91 

65-46 

62-21 

60-96 

59-23 

58-48 

57-96 

57-21 

ijm. 

2-40 

52-1 

76-33 

75-08 

71-83 

70-58 

68-85 

68-10 

67-58 

66-83 

if  m. 

2-07 

60-4 

85-95 

84-70 

81-45 

80-20 

78-47 

77-72 

77-20 

76-45 

2    m. 

1-82 

68-7 

95-67 

94-32 

91-07 

89-82 

88-09 

87-34 

86-82 

86-07 

59 


ARTICLE  10. 

BY  WHEELBARROWS. — The  cost  by  barrows  may  be  estimated  in 
the  same  manner  as  by  carts.  See  Articles  1,  &c.  Men  in  wheeling 
move  at  about  the  same  average  rate  as  horses  do  in  hauling,  that  is, 
2J  miles  an  hour,  or  200  feet  per  minute,  or  1  minute  per  every  100- 
feet  length  of  lead.  The  time  occupied  in  loading,  emptying,  &c. 
(when,  as  is  usual,  the  wheeler  loads  his  own  barrow,)  is  about  1*25 
minutes,  without  regard  to  length  of  lead  ;  beside  which,  the  time  lost 
in  occasional  short  rests,  in  adjusting  the  wheeling-plank,  and  in  other 
incidental  causes,  amounts  to  about  j'^  part  of  his  whole  time ;  so  that  we 
must  in  practice  consider  him  as  actually  working  but  9  hours  out  of 
his  10  working  ones,  at  the  rate  of  2*25  minutes  per  100  feet  of  lead. 
To  find,  then,  the  number  of  barrow-loads  which  he  can  remove  in  a 
day,  multiply  the  number  of  minutes  (600)  in  a  working  day  by  '9 ; 
and  divide  the  product  by  the  sum  of  1*25,  added  to  the  number  of 
100-feet  lengths  in  the  lead  ;  that  is, 

The  number  of  minutes  in  a  working  day  x  -9 the  number  of  trips  or  of  loads 

1-25  •+-  the  number  of  100-feet  lengths  of  lead    ~~  removed  per  day  per  barrow. 

Remark.   For  rock,  which  requires  more  time  for  loading,  say 

No.  of  minutes  in  a  working  day  x  *9_No.  of  loads  removed 
1-6  +  No.  of  100-feet  lengths  of  lead  "per  day,  per  barrow 

The  number  of  loads  divided  by  14  will  give  the  number  of  cubic 
yards,  since  a  cubic  yard,  measured  in  place,  averages  about  14  loads. 
And  the  cost  of  a  wheeler  and  barrow  per  day,  (say  $  1  per  man,  and 
5  cents  per  barrow,)  divided  by  the  number  of  cubic  yards,  will  give 
the  cost  per  yard  for  loading,  wheeling,  and  emptying. 

Example.  How  many  cubic  yards  of  common  loam,  measured  in 
place,  will  one  man  load,  wheel,  and  empty,  per  day  of  10  working 
hours  (or  600  minutes) ;  the  lead,  or  distance  to  which  the  earth  is 
removed  being  1000  feet  (or  10  lengths  of  100  feet);  and  what  will 
be  the  expense  per  yard,  supposing  the  laborer  and  barrow  to  cost 
$1.05  per  day? 

600  minutes  x  -9         540 
Here>  1-25  +  10  lengths  =  fT25  =  48  tnPS>  °r  loads  *«*  ^' 

And  —  ==  3'43  cubic  yards  per  day.     And  -5—7  —5 —  =  30'6  cts. 

14  3'43  cub.  yds. 

per  cubic  yard  for  loading,  wheeling  away,  emptying,  and  returning. 
This  would  be  increased  almost  inappreciably  by  the  cost  of  the  shovel, 
which,  in  the  following  tables,  however,  is  included  in  the  cost  of  tools. 


60 


ARTICLE  11. 

The  following  tables  are  calculated  as  in  the  case  of  carts,  by  first 
finding  columns  2  and  3  by  means  of  the  Rule  in  Article  10,  and  then 
adding  to  each  sum  in  column  3,  the  variable  quantity  of  '1  of  a  cent 
per  cubic  yard  per  100  feet  of  lead  for  keeping  the  wheeling-planks 
in  order;  and  the  prices  of  loosening,  spreading,  superintendence, 
water-carrying,  &c.,  per  cubic  yard,  as  given  in  the  preceding  Articles 
2  to  7. 

BY  WHEELBARROWS.— LABOR  $1  PER  DAY,  OF  10  WORKING  HOURS. 


1 

Is 

2 

COMMON  LOAM. 

STRONG,  HEAVY  SOILS. 

ll 

*1 

o  ^ 

1* 

f*SL 

«  & 

| 

$'~- 

5 

TOTAL  COST    PER    CUBIC    YARD, 

TOTAL    COST  PER   CUBIC    YARD, 

•£!1 

^>*3 

.s-S 

EXCLUSIVE      OP     PROFIT     TO 

EXCLUSIVE      OP      PROFIT     TO 

f°  * 

|l   , 

|S 

CONTRACTOR.      (CENTS.) 

CONTRACTOR.      (CENTS.) 

_-2 

<!la 

gf 

11 

-a 

« 

, 

I! 

111 

H3        *O 

111 

111 

111 

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£    yz 

IK£ 

Is! 

£  *  * 

r! 

£*!• 

Is! 

Feet. 

cub.  yds. 

CtH. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

25 

25-7 

4-09 

10-12 

8-87 

8-42 

7-17 

11-62 

10-37 

9-12 

7-87 

50 

22-1 

4-75 

10-80 

9-55 

9-10 

7-85 

12-30 

11-05 

9-80 

8-55 

75 

19-3 

5-44 

11-52 

10-27 

9-82 

8-57 

13-02 

11-77 

10-52 

9-27 

100 

17-1 

6-14 

12-24 

10-99 

10-54 

9-29 

13-74 

12-49 

11-24 

9-99 

150 

14-0 

7-50 

13-65 

12-40 

11-95 

10-70 

15-15 

13-90 

12-65 

11-40 

200 

11-9 

8-82 

15-02 

13-77 

13-32 

12-07 

16-52 

15-27 

14-02 

12-77 

250 

10-3 

10-2 

16-45 

15-20 

14-75 

13-50 

17-95 

16-70 

15-45 

14-20 

300 

9-07 

11-6 

17-90 

16-65 

16-20 

14-95 

19-40 

18-15 

16-90 

15-65 

350 

8-14 

12-9 

19-25 

18-00 

17-55 

16-30 

20-75 

19-50 

18-25 

17-00 

400 

7-36 

14-3 

20-70 

19-45 

19-00 

17-75 

22-20 

20-95 

19-70 

18-45 

450 

6-71 

15-6 

22-05 

20-80 

20-35 

19-10 

23-55 

22-30 

21-05 

19-8"0 

500 

6-17 

17-0 

23-50 

22-25 

21-80 

20-55 

25-00 

23-75 

22-50 

21-25 

600 

5-32 

19-7 

26-30 

25-05 

24-60 

23-35 

27-80 

26-55 

25-30 

24-05 

700 

4-67 

22-5 

29-20 

27-95 

27-50 

26-25 

30-70 

29-45 

28-20 

26-95 

800 

4-17 

25-2 

32-00 

30-75 

30-30 

29-05 

33-50 

32-25 

31-00 

29-75 

900 

3-76 

27-9 

34-80 

33-55 

33-10 

31-85 

36-30 

35-05 

33-80 

32-55 

1000 

3-43 

30-6 

37-60 

36-35 

35-90 

34-65 

39-10 

37-85 

36-60 

35-35 

1200 

2-91 

36-1 

43-30 

42-Q5 

41-60 

40-35 

44-80 

43-55 

42-30 

41-05 

1400 

2-53 

41-5 

48-90 

47-65 

47-20 

45-95 

50-40 

49-15 

47-90 

46-65 

1600 

2-24 

46-9 

54-50 

53-45 

52-80 

51-55 

56-00 

54-75 

53-50 

52-25 

1800 

2-00 

52-5 

60-30 

59-05 

58-60 

6735 

61-80 

60-55 

59-30 

58-05 

2000 

1-81 

58-0 

66-00 

64-75 

64-30 

63-05 

67-50 

66-25 

65-00 

63-75 

2200 

1-66 

63-3 

71-50 

70-25 

69-80 

68-55 

73-00 

71-75 

70-50 

69-25 

2400 

1-53 

68-6 

77-00 

75-75 

75-30 

74-05 

78-50 

77-25 

76-00 

74-75 

imile 

1-39 

75-5 

84-14 

82-89 

82-44 

81-19 

85-64 

84-39 

83-14 

81-89 

61 


BY  WHEELBARROWS.— LABOR  $1  PER  DAT,  OF  10  WORKING  HOURS. 


1 

11 

| 

PURE  STIFF  CLAY,  OR 

LIGHT  SANDY  SOILS. 

i 

"T  .j. 

CEMENTED  GRAVEL. 

3 

h 

<2  a 
g| 

5  • 

ii 

t1 

TOTAL  COST    PER    CUBIC    YARD, 

TOTAL    COST  PER   CUBIC    YARD, 

—  1? 

^s 

EXCLUSIVE      OF     PROFIT     TO 

EXCLUSIVE      OF      PROFIT     TO 

sl 

3  * 

i! 

CONTRACTOR. 

CONTRACTOR. 

fi 

S|| 

Il 

S-3 

5  ® 

Number  o 
loaded, 

each  1  >ai  i 

Cost  per  cu 
ing,  whei 

lit 

CM     OQ 

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r! 

°   *   CU 
S       OQ 

H 

ill 

jd  a  to 

•r! 

I1! 

CM      & 

Feet. 

cub.  yds. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

cts. 

25 

25-7 

4-09 

14-62 

13-37 

10-12 

8-87 

8-79 

8-04 

7.52 

6-77 

50 

22-1 

4-75 

15-30 

14-05 

10-80 

9-55 

9-47 

8-72 

8-20 

7-45 

75 

19-3 

5-44 

16-02 

14-77 

11-52 

10-27 

10-19 

9-44 

8-92 

8-17 

100 

17-1 

6-14 

16-74 

15-49 

12-24 

10-99 

10-91 

10-16 

9-64 

8-89 

150 

14-0 

7-50 

18-15 

16-90 

13-65 

12-40 

12-32 

11-57 

11-05 

10-30 

200 

11-9 

8-82 

19-52 

18-27 

15-02 

13-77 

13-69 

12-94 

12-42 

11-67 

250 

10-3 

10-2 

20-95 

19-70 

16-45 

15-20 

15-12 

14-37 

13-85 

13-10 

300 

9-07 

11-6 

22-40 

21-15 

17-90 

16-65 

16-57 

15-82 

15-30 

14-55 

350 

8-14 

12-9 

23-75 

22-50 

19-25 

18-00 

17-92 

17-17 

16-65 

15-90 

400 

7-36 

14-3 

25-20 

23-95 

20-70 

19-45 

19-37 

18-62 

18-10 

17-35 

450 

6-71 

15-6 

26-55 

25-30 

22-05 

20-80 

20-72 

19-97 

19-45 

18-70 

500 

6-17 

17-0 

28-00 

26-75 

23-50 

22-25 

22-17 

21-42 

20-90 

20-15 

600 

5-32 

19-7 

30-80 

29-55 

26-30 

25-05 

24-97 

24-22 

23-70 

22-95 

700 

4-67 

22-5 

33-70 

32-45 

29-20 

27-95 

27-87 

27-12 

26-60 

25-85 

800 

4-17 

25-2 

36-50 

35-25 

32-00 

30-75 

30-67 

29-92 

29-40 

28-65 

900 

3-76 

27-9 

39-30 

38-05 

34-80 

33-55 

33-47 

32-72 

32-20 

31-45 

1000 

3-43 

30-6 

42-10 

40-85 

37-60 

36-35 

36-27 

35-52 

35-00 

34-25 

1200 

2-91 

36-1 

47-80 

46-55 

43-30 

42-05 

41-97 

41-22 

40-70 

39-90 

1400 

2-53 

41-5 

53-40 

5-2-15 

48-90 

47-65 

47-57 

46-82 

46-30 

45-55 

1600 

2-24 

46-9 

59-00 

57-75 

54-50 

53-25 

53-17 

52-42 

51-90 

61-15 

1800 

2-00 

52-5 

64-80 

63-55 

60-30 

59-05 

58-97 

58-22 

57-70 

66-95 

2000 

1-81 

58-0 

70-50 

69-25 

66-00 

64-75 

64-67 

63-92 

63-40 

62-65 

2200 

1-66 

63-3 

76-00 

74-75 

71-50 

70-25 

70-17 

69-42 

68-90 

68-15 

2400 

1-53 

68-6 

81-50 

80-25 

77-00 

75-75 

75-67 

74-92 

74-40 

73-65 

$  mile 

1-39 

75-5 

88-64 

87-39 

84-14 

82-89 

82-81 

82-06 

81-54 

80-79 

62 
AKTICLE  12. 

BY  WHEELED  SCRAPERS  AND  DRAG  SCRAPERS. — The  body  of  the 

wheeled  scraper  is  a  box  of  smooth  sheet-steel  about  3J  feet  square  by 
15  inches  deep,  containing  about  \  cubic  yard  of  earth  when  "even 
full."  The  box  is  open  in  front  (in  some  machines  it  is  closed  by  an 
"end  gate"  when  full),  and  can  be  raised  and  lowered,  and  revolved 
on  a  horizontal  axis.  To  fill  the  box,  it  is  lowered  into,  and  held  down 
in,  the  earth,  while  the  team  draws  the  machine  forward.  When  full, 
it  is  raised  to  about  a  foot  above  ground ;  and,  on  reaching  the  dump, 
is  unloaded  by  being  overturned  on  its  axis.  All  the  movements  of 
the  box  are  made  by  means  of  levers,  and  without  stopping  the  team, 
which  thus  travels  constantly.  The  wheels  have  broad  tires,  to  prevent 
them  from  cutting  into  the  ground. 

In  the  drag  scraper  the  box,  owing  to  the  greater  resistance  to  trac- 
tion, is  made  much  smaller.  It  contains  about  .15  to  .25  cubic  yard 
in  place,  and  is  always  open  in  front.  The  operation  of  the  drag 
scraper  is  similar  to  that  of  the  wheeled  scraper,  except  that  the  box, 
when  filled,  rests  upon  the  ground  and  is  dragged  over  it  by  the  team. 

Each  scraper  ("wheeled"  or  "drag")  requires  the  constant  use  of  a 
team  of  two  horses  with  a  driver.  Besides,  a  number  of  men, 
depending  on  the  shortness  of  the  lead  and  the  number  of  scrapers, 
are  required  in  the  pit  and  at  the  dump,  to  load  the  scrapers  (by  hold- 
ing the  box  down  into  the  earth)  and  unload  them  (by  tipping  the  box). 
Except  in  sand,  or  in  very  soft  soil,  it  is  economical  to  use  a  plow 
before  scraping. 

The  severest  work  for  the  team  is  the  filling  of  the  box;  and  this 
occurs  oftenest  where  the  lead  is  shortest.  Hence  smaller  scrapers  are 
used  on  short  than  on  long  hauls.  We  base  our  calculations  on  the 
following  loads: 

For  drag  scrapers  (used  only  on  short  hauls) 2  cubic  yard 

For  wheeled  scrapers 

lead  less  than  100  feet 33         " 

"    100  to  300  feet 4  " 

"    400to500feet 5  " 

"    over  500  feet 6 

The  daily  expense  per  scraper,  for  driver's  wages  and  the  use  of  a 
2-horse  team,  is  about  $3.50.  For  leads  of  400  feet  and  over,  we  add 
50  cents  per  day  for  use  of  "snatch  team"  to  help  load  the  larger 
scrapers  then  used.  One  snatch  team  generally  serves  a  number  of 
scrapers. 

Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  teams  are  constantly  in  motion  without 
rest,  they  travel  somewhat  more  slowly  than  with  carts.  We  take  1 50 
feet  per  minute  (or  75  feet  of  lead  per  minute)  as  an  average. 

In  loading  and  unloading,  the  teams  not  only  go  out  of  their  way 
in  order  to  turn  around,  but  travel  more  slowly  than  when  simply 
hauling.  To  cover  this  we  make  an  addition  of  25  feet  to  each  length 
of  lead,  whether  long  or  short,  for  wheeled  scrapers;  and  15  feet  for 
drag  scrapers. 


63 


We  add  1  cent  per  cubic  yard  for  the  cost  of  loading  and  dumping 
the  scrapers  ;  and  estimate  the  approximate  cost  of  the  other  items  as 
follows  : 

Repairs  of  cart  road  ^  cent  per  cubic  yard  in  place  for  each  100  feet  of  lead. 

Light  Soils.  Heavy  Soils. 

Loosening.  Ct3.  per  cub.  yd.  in  place.    Cts.  per  cub.  yd.  in  place. 

by  pick  ..........................................  *    ..  .........................  5. 

by  shovel  ......................................  *   ...........................  2. 

Spreading  .............................................  1  ....................  .......  1.5 

Superintendence,  wear  and  tear,  etc  .........  1  ............................  1. 

AVe  repeat  that  our  figures  are  to  be  regarded  merely  as  tolerable 
approximations,  and  subject  to  great  variations  according  to  skill  of 
contractor  and  superintendent,  strength  of  teams,  character  of  material 
moved,  state  of  weather,  etc.,  etc. 

No.  of  trips  per  day  _  No.  (600)  of  minutes  in  a  working  day 
per  wheeled  scraper  ~No.  of  75  ft.  lengths  in  (lead  +  25  ft.) 

No.  of  trips  per  day  _  No.  (600)  of  minutes  in  a  working  day 
per  drag  scraper     ~  No.  of  75  ft.  lengths  in  (lead  +  15  ft.) 

No.  of  cub.  yds.  in  place  moved  __  No.  of  trips  per  ^  No.  of  cub.  yds.  in  place, 
per  day  by  each  scraper         "*  day  per  scraper  *       per  scraper  per  trip. 

Cost  per  cub.  yd.  in  place,  _     Daily  expense  of  one  scraper          1  cent  for  loading 

for  loading  hauling,       "  No.  of  cub.  yds.  in  place,  moved  +     and  dumping 
dumping  and  returning  er         b    each  scraer 


y  each  scraper 

Jubtc   vard  ^n      ^^  P6?"  cub'  ?*'  in      -1  cent  P61"  cub'  7d-      Cost'  P61"  .cub'  ?d'  in  Place» 
—  Place  for  loading>  _L  in   Place  for   each  ,  of  loosening   spreading  or 
kauling,  dumping,  ~r  100  feet  of  lead,  for+  wasting,  and  superintend- 
and  returning  repairs  of  road.  eiice  &c. 


of 
profit 


BY  WHEELED  SCRAPERS. 
Labor  $1  per  day  of  10  working  hours. 


"Sjg 

Hi 

a~° 

.=   MM 
.o"t3.2 

L-ti 

till 

Total  cost,  per  cub.  yd.  in  place,  exclusive  of  contractor's  profit. 

Light  Soils. 

Heavy  Soils. 

Spread. 

Wasted. 

Picke 
Spread. 

d  and 
Wasted. 

Plowe 
Spread. 

d  and 
Wasted. 

Feet. 
50 
100 
150 
200 
300 
400 
600 
800 
1000 

cub.  yds. 
200 
140 
105 
80 
56 
50 
43 
33 
27 

cts. 
2.8 
3.4 
4.3 
5.4 
7.3 
8.5 
10 
13 
16 

cts. 
4.9 
5.5 
6.5 
7.6 
9.6 
11 
13 
16 
19 

cts. 

3.9 
4.5 
5.5 
6.6 
8.6 
10 
12 
15 
18 

cts. 
10 
11 
12 
13 
15 
16 
18 
21 
25 

cts. 
8.5 
9.5 
11 
12 
14 
15 
17 
20 
24 

Cts. 
7.3 
8 
9 
10 
12 
13 
15 
18 
22 

Cts. 
5.8 
6.5 
7.5 
8.5 
11 
12 
14 
17 
21 

*  Light  soils  can  generally  be  advantageously  loosened  by  the  scrapers  themselves  in  the  act  of 
loading. 


64 

BY  DRAG  SCRAPERS. 
Labor  $1  per  day  of  10  working  hours. 


S| 

ffr 

•s£l 

Total  cost,  per  cubic  yard  in  place,  exclusive  of 

'o^'S 

i|ri 

contractor's  profit. 

*f| 

•sl| 

lt«1 

°<2bE.2 

Light  Soils. 

Heavy  Soils. 

til 

g  -j  cS 

|1| 

ill! 

Picked  and 

Plowed  and 

g*« 

I 

|M« 

Spread. 

Wasted. 

Spread. 

Wasted. 

Spread. 

Wasted. 

Feet. 

Cu.  yds. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

less) 

than  [• 

220 

2.6 

4.6 

3.6 

10 

8.5 

7 

5.5 

40  J 

50 

140 

3.5 

5.5 

4.5 

11 

9.5 

8 

6.5 

75 

100 

4.5 

6.6 

5.6 

12 

11 

9 

8 

100 

80 

5.4 

7.5 

6.5 

13 

12 

10 

9 

150 

54 

7.5 

9.6 

8.6 

15 

14 

12 

11 

200 

42 

9.3 

12. 

11. 

17 

16 

14 

13 

Both  wheeled  and  drag  scrapers  are  made  by  Western  Wheel  Scraper 
Co.,  Mount  Pleasant,  Iowa ;  by  Kilbourne  &  Jacobs  Manufacturing 
Co.,  Columbus,  Ohio ;  by  Fay  Manufacturing  Co.,  Elyria,  Ohio,  and 
others.  A  medium-sized  wheeled  scraper,  weighing  450  fibs,  and 
carrying  *4  cubic  yard,  costs  about  from  $50  to  $70.  A  drag  scraper 
weighs  about  100  fibs.,  and  cost  about  $14. 


AETICLE  13. 

BY  CARS  AND  LOCOMOTIVE,  ON  LEVEL  TRACK,  based  upon  the 
following  assumptions.  Trains  of  10  cars,  each  car  containing  1J 
cubic  yards  of  earth  measured  in  place.  Average  speed  of  trains, 
including  starting  and  stopping,  but  not  standing,  10  miles  per 
hour,  =  5  miles  of  lead  per  hour.  Labor  $1  per  day  of  10  working 
hours.  Loosening,  loading  (by  shovelers),  spreading,  wear  etc.  of 
tools,  superintendence,  etc.,  the  same  as  with  carts,  Arts.  2,  3,  5,  and  7. 
Loss  of  time  in  each  trip  for  loading,  unloading,  etc.,  9  minutes,  =  '15 
hour.  Therefore, 

Number  of  trips  per  )  __      The  number  (10)  of  hours  in  a  working  day 
day  per  train          j  ~  -15  +  the  number  of  5-mile  lengths  in  the  le~aZ 


Number  of  cubic") 
yards  in  pi  ace,  per  > 
day  per  train.  J 


Number  of  Number  (10)  Number  (1-5)  of  cubic 
trips  per  day  X  of  cars  in  a  X  yards  in  place  in  each 
per  train.  train.  car. 


Cost  per  cubic  yard,  in  place, 
for  hauling,  dumping,  and 
returning 


One  day's  train  expenses  -f-  one  day's  cost  of  track 
Number  of  cubic  yards  in  place  per  day  per  train. 


65 


One  day's  train  expenses: 

Cost  of  10  care  @  $100 $1,000 

"     locomotive 3,000 

$4,000 

One  day's  interest,  at  6  per  cent,  on  cost  of  train, $0.67 

Wages  of  engine  driver  (who  fires  his  own  engine) 2.00 

'    foreman  at  dump 2.00 

"    3  men  at  dump  at  $1 3.00 

Fuel 2.00 

Water 1.00 

Repairs  of  locomotive  and  cars 2.33 

Total  daily  expense  of  one  train $13.00 

The  daily  expense  of  track,  for  interest  and  repairs,  may  be  taken  at 
§3  for  each  mile,  or  fraction  of  a  mile,  of  lead.     Therefore, 


Cost  per  cubic  yard  in  place, 
for  hauling,  dumping,  and 
returning 


Total  cost  per  cubic 
yard  in  place,  exclu- 
sive of  contractor's 
profit 


$13  -f  ($3  for  each  mile  of  lead) 
Number     of        Number  (10)        Number  (1'5) 
trips  per  day  X  of  cars  in  a  X  of  cubic  yards 
per  train  train  in  each  car 


Cost    per  cubic   yard  Cost  per  cubic  yard,  in  place,  for 

in  place  for  hauling,  ,    loosening,  loading,  spreading  or 

dumping,  and  return-  •"  wasting,    and    superintendence, 

ing  &c.  (Arts.  2,  3,  5,  and  7.) 


BY  CARS  AND  LOCOMOTIVE. 

Labor  $1  per  day  of  10  working  hours. 


Miles. 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
10 


Total  cost  per  cubic  yard,  in  place,  exclusive  of  contractor's  profit. 


&g.s  111 

B£  .«  >» .a  *• 


111   ^ 


Light  Sandy  Soils, 


L 

'M's  J   "Si 
muff    *£• 


Cu.  yds. 

4350 

2700 

1950 

1500 

1200 

1050 

900 

750 

600 


Cts. 
.4 
.7 
1.1 
1.7 
2.3 
3. 
3.8 
4.9 
7.2 


OGG 


Cts. 

9.7 
10. 
10.4 
11. 
11.6 
12.3 
13.1 
14.2 
16.5 


Cts. 

8.4 
8.8 
9.2 
9.7 

10.4 

11. 

11.8 

13. 

15.2 


I    -II 


Cts. 

8.4 
8.8 
9.2 
9.7 

10.4 

11. 

11.8 

13. 

15.2 


Cts. 
7.2 
7.5 
7.9 
8.5 
9.1 
9.8 

10.6 

11.7 

14. 


Strong  Heavy  Soils. 


Cts. 

13.7 

14. 

14.5 

15. 

15.6 

16.3 

17.1 

18.2 

20.5 


Cts. 

12.4 

12.8 

13.3 

13.7 

14.4 

15. 

15.8 

17. 

19.2 


1 


Cts. 
11.3 
11.6 
12.1 
12.6 
13.2 
13.9 
14.7 
15.8 
18. 


Cts. 

10. 

10.4 

10.9 

11.3 

12. 

12.6 

13.4 

14.6 

16.8 


STEAM  EXCAVATORS. 

Where  large  amounts  of  work  are  to  be  done,  the  steam  excavator, 
land  dredge  or  steam  shovel  generally  economizes  time  and  money. 
Where  the  depth  of  cutting  is  less  than  10  feet,  so  much  time  is  lost 
in  moving  from  place  to  place  that  the  excavators  do  not  work  to 
advantage.  In  stiff  soils,  cuttings  may  be  made  about  from  17  to  20 
feet  deep  without  changing  the  level  of  the  machine.  For  greater 
depths  in  such  soils  the  work  is  done  in  two  levels,  since  the  bucket 
or  dipper  cannot  reach  so  high.  But  in  sand  and  loose  gravel,  much 
deeper  cuts  may  be  made  from  a  single  level. 

The  excavator  resembles  a  dredging  machine  in  its  appearance  and 
operation.  A  large  plate-steel  bucket,  like  a  dredging  bucket,  with  a 
flat  hinged  bottom,  and  provided  with  steel  cutting  teeth,  is  forced 
into  and  dragged  through  the  earth  by  steam  power.  It  dumps  its 
load,  by  means  of  the  hinged  bottom,  either  into  cars  for  transporta- 
tion, or  upon  the  waste  bank,  as  desired. 

Each  machine  is  mounted  on  a  car  of  standard  gauge,  which  can  be 
coupled  in  an  ordinary  freight  train.  The  car  is  made  of  wood  or  iron, 
as  desired,  and  is  provided  with  a  locomotive  attachment,  by  which  it 
can  be  moved  from  point  to  point  as  the  work  proceeds.  The  ma- 
chines can  be  used  as  wrecking  or  derrick  cars.  Each  machine  has  a 
water  tank,  holding  from  300  to  550  gallons,  for  the  supply  of  its 
boiler. 

Before  beginning  to  excavate,  the  end  of  the  car  nearest  the  work  is 
lifted  from  the  track  by  hydraulic  or  screw  jacks,  upon  which  it  rests 
while  working. 

In  stiff  soils  the  excavator  leaves  the  sides  of  the  cut  nearly  vertical ; 
and  the  desired  slope  is  afterwards  given  by  pick  and  shovel.  When 
the  soil  is  hard  or  much  frozen,  it  may  be  loosened  by  blasting  in 
advance  of  the  excavator. 

Steam  excavators  are  made  by  Osgood  Dredge  Co.,  Albany,  N.  Y.; 
by  John  Souther  &  Co.,  (the  "  Otis "  excavator)  Boston,  Mass.;  by 
Vulcan  Iron  Works,  Toledo,  O.;  by  Industrial  Works,  Bay  City, 
Mich.;  and  by  Pound  Manufacturing  Co.,  Lockport,  N.  Y. 

The  Osgood  is  made  in  two  sizes.  In  No.  1  the  car  is  34  ft.  x  10  ft., 
and  its  floor  is  4  ft.  above  the  rails.  It  has  a  four-wheeled  truck  near 
each  end.  The  dipper  holds  2  cubic  yards,  struck  measure.  The 
machine  weighs,  complete,  about  40  tons,  and  costs  about  $7500  on 
track  at  works  (Albany,  N.  Y.).  In  the  No.  2  machine,  the  car  is 
28  ft.  x  10  ft.,  floor  5  ft.  above  the  rails.  It  has  two  pairs  of  wheels, 

16  feet  apart  from  centre  to  centre  of  axles.    The  dipper  holds  1 J  cubic 
yards,  struck  measure.     The  machine  weighs,  complete,  about  28  tons, 
and  costs  about  $6000. 

The  excavator  has  to  be  moved  forward  (as  the  work  advances) 
about  8  feet  at  a  time.  As  regularly  made,  it  can  dig  at  a  distance  of 

17  feet,  horizontally,  from  the  center  of  the  car  in  any  direction,  and 


67 

can  dump  12  feet  above  the  track.  In  sand  or  gravel  it  takes  out, 
while  actually  digging,  3  dipperfuls  (=4J  to  6  cubic  yards  in  the 
dipper, =3.75  to  5  cubic  yards  in  place)  per  minute;  in  stiff  clay, 
2  dipperfuls  per  minute  (=3  to  4  cubic  yards  in  the  dipper, =2.5  to 
3.33  cubic  yards  in  place).  An  average  day's  work  (10  hours)  for  a 
"No.  1"  machine,  including  time  lost  in  moving  the  machine,  &c.,  is 
about  500  cubic  yards  in  "hard-pan,"  and  from  1200  to  1500  in  sand 
and  gravel.  This  allows  for  the  usual  and  generally  unavoidable 
delays  in  having  cars  ready  for  the  excavator. 

The  excavators  carry  about  80  to  90  Ibs.  of  steam.  They  burn 
from  100  to  150  Ibs.  of  good  hard  or  soft  coal  per  hour;  and  require 
one  engineer,  one  fireman,  one  cranesman,  and  5  to  10  pitmen,  includ- 
ing a  boss.  The  pitmen  are  laborers,  who  attend  to  the  jacks,  lay 
track  for  the  excavator  and  for  the  dump  cars,  assist  in  moving  the 
latter,  bring  or  pump  water,  &c,,  &c. 

After  reaching  the  site  of  the  work,  about  30  minutes  are  required 
for  getting  the  excavator  into  working  condition ;  and  an  equal  length 
of  time,  after  completion  of  the  work,  in  getting  it  ready  for  trans- 
portation. 

The  following  figures  are  taken  from  the  records  of  work  done  by 
a  No.  1  machine,  from  May  to  November,  1883.  The  material  was 
hard  clay  with  pockets  of  sand.  The  expenses  per  day  of  12  working 
hours,  at  $1.50  per  such  day  for  labor,. were 

Water,  (a  very  high  allowance) .$  5.60 

Coal,  11  tons  bituminous. 10.00 

Wages  of  engineer 4.00 

"      "  fireman.- 1.50 

"      "  cranesman  or  dipper-tender 2.50 

"      "  pit  boss 3.00 

"      "  8  pitmen  at  $1.50 12.00 

Oil,  waste,  repairs  Ac.  (estimated) 5.00 

Interest  on  cost  ($7500)  of  machine 1.25 

$44.25 

Reduced  to  our  standard  of  §1  for  labor  per  day  of  10  working 
hours,  this  would  be  say  $30.00  per  day.  Reduced  to  the  same 
standard,  and  allowing  for  the  greater  proportional  loss  of  time  in 
stopping  at  evening  and  starting  in  the  morning :  the  average  daily 
quantity  excavated,  measured  in  place,  was,  in  shallow  cutting,  530 
cubic  yards;  in  deep  cutting,  1200  cubic  yards;  average  of  whole 
operation,  800  cubic  yards.  This  would  make  the  cost,  per  cubic  yard 
measured  in  place,  for  loosening  and  loading  into  cars,  5.67  cts., 
2.5  cts.,  and  3.75  cts.  respectively ;  while  the  cost  by  ploughing  and 
shoveling,  in  strong  heavy  soils,  by  Arts.  2  and  3,  is  7.4  cts. ;  and  by 
picking  and  shoveling,  say  10  cts. 


68 


ARTICLE  14. 

REMOVING  ROCK  EXCAVATION  BY  WHEELBARBOWS. — A  cubic 
yard  of  hard  rock,  in  place,  or  before  being  blasted,  will  weigh  about 
1*8  tons,  if  sandstone  or  conglomerate  (150  Ibs.  per  cubic  foot);  or  2 
tons  if  good  compact  granite,  gneiss,  limestone,  or  marble  (168  Ibs. 
per  cubic  foot).  So  that,  near  enough  for  practice  in  the  case  before 
us,  we  may  assume  the  weight  of  any  of  them  to  be  about  1*9  tons, 
or  4256  Ibs.  per  cubic  yard,  in  place;  or  158  Ibs.  per  cubic  foot. 

Now,  a  solid  cubic  yard  of  any  of  these,  when  broken  up  by  blast- 
ing for  removal  by  wheelbarrows  or  carts,  will  occupy  a  space  of  about 
1*8,  or  1J.  cubic  yards;  whereas  average  earth,  when  loosened,  swells 
to  but  about  1'2,  or  li  of  its  original  bulk  in  place;  although,  after 
being  made  into  embankment,  it  eventually  shrinks  into  less  than 
its  original  bulk.  In  estimating  for  earth,  it  is  assumed  that  T\  cubic 
yard,  in  place,  is  a  fair  load  for  a  wheelbarrow.  Such  a  cubic  yard 

will  weigh  on  an  average  2430  Ibs.,  or  1*09  tons;  therefore,  — rj — = 

1 74  Ibs.,  is  the  weight  of  a  barrow-load,  of  2*31  cubic  feet  of  loose 
earth.  Assuming  that  a  barrow  of  loose  rock  should  weigh  about 
the  same  as  one  of  earth,  we  may  take  it  at  -^  of  a  cubic  yard ;  which 

gives  p.  ==  177  Ibs.  per  load  of  loose  rock,  occupying  2  cubic  feet 
of  space. 

In  the  following  table,  columns  2  and  3  are  prepared  on  the  same 
principle  as  for  earth,  as  directed  in  Article  10.  Column  4  is  made 
up  by  adding  to  each  amount  in  column  3,  *2  of  a  cent  for  each  100 
feet  length  of  lead,  for  keeping  the  wheeling-planks  in  order ;  and  45 
cents'per  cubic  yard,  in  place,  as  the  actual  cost  for  loosening,  including 
tools,  drilling,  powder,  &c. ;  as  well  as  moderate  drainage,  and  every 
ordinary  contingency  not  embraced  in  column  3.  Contractor's  profits, 
of  course,  are  not  here  included. 

Ample  experience  shows  that  when  labor  is  at  $1  per  day,  the  fore- 
going 45  cents  per  cubic  yard,  in  place,  is  a  sufficiently  liberal  allow- 
ance for  loosening  hard  rock  under  all  ordinary  circumstances.  In 
practice  it  will  generally  range  between  30  and  60  cents ;  depending 
on  the  position  of  the  strata,  hardness,  toughness,  water,  and  other 
considerations.  Soft  shales,  and  other  allied  rocks,  may  frequently  be 
loosened  by  pick  and  plough,  as  low  as  15  to  20  cents;  while,  on  the 
other  hand,  shallow  cuttings  of  very  tough  rock,  with  an  unfavorable 
position  of  strata,  especially  in  the  bottoms  of  excavations,  may  cost 
$1,  or  even  considerably  more.  These,  however,  are  exceptional 
cases,  of  comparatively  rare  occurrence.  The  quarrying  of  average 
hard  rock  requires  about  J  to  J  Ib.  of  powder  per  cubic  yard,  in  place ; 
but  the  nature  of  the  rock,  the  position  of  the  strata,  &c.,  may  increase 


69 

it  to  \  lb.,  or  more.  Soft  rock  frequently  requires  more  powder  than 
hard.  A  good  churn-driller  will  drill  from  8  to  12  feet  in  depth,  of 
holes  about  2J  feet  deep,  and  2  inches  diameter,  per  day,  in  average 
hard  rock,  at  from  12  to  18  cents  per  foot.  Drillers  receive  higher 
wages  than  common  laborers. 


HARD  ROCK,  BY  WHEELBARROWS. 
Labor  $1  per  day  of  10  working  hours. 


Length  of  load,  or  dis- 
tance to  which  the 
rock  is  wheeled. 

Number  of  cubic  yards, 
in  place,  wheeled  per 
day  by  each  barrow. 

•s*i 

tit 

!4 
!iL 

3*« 

Total  cost  per  cubic  yard, 
in  place,  exclusive  of 
profit  to  contractor. 

1 

Length  of  lead,  or  dis- 
tance to  which  the 
rock  is  wheeled. 

Number  of  cubic  yards, 
in  place,  wheeled  per 
day  by  each  barrow 

||| 

1} 

•~    •£ 

fill 

TotHlcostporcul.icyanl,  I 
in  plaoe,  exclusive  of 
profit  to  con  trad  or. 

Feet. 

cubic  yds. 

cents. 

cents. 

Feet 

cubic  yds. 

cents. 

cents.    • 

25 

12-2 

8-64 

53-7 

600 

2-96 

35-5 

81-7 

50 

10-7 

9-81 

54-9 

700 

2-62 

40-1 

80-5 

75 

9-58 

11-0 

56-2 

800 

2-34 

44-8 

91-4 

100 

8-66 

12-1 

57-3 

900 

2-12 

49-5 

96-3 

150 

7-26 

14-5 

59-8 

1000 

1-94 

64-1 

101-1 

200 

6-25 

16-8 

62-2 

1200 

1-65 

63-6 

115-0 

250 

5-49 

19-1 

64-6 

1400 

1-44 

72-9 

120-7 

300 

4-89 

21-5 

67-1 

1600 

1-28 

82-2 

130-4 

350 

4-41 

23-8 

69-5 

1800 

1-15 

91-5 

140-1 

400 

4-02 

26-1 

71-9 

2000 

1-04 

100-8 

149-8 

450 

3-69 

28-5 

74-4 

2200 

•953 

110-2 

169-6 

500 

3-41 

30-8 

76-8 

2400 

•879 

119-5 

169-3 

ARTICLE  15. 

REMOVING  ROCK  EXCAVATION  BY  CARTS. — A  cart-load  of  rock 
may  be  taken  at  £  of  a  cubic  yard,  in  place.  This  will  weigh,  on  an 
average,  851  Ibs. ;  or  but  41  Ibs.  more  than  a  cart-load  of  average 
soil.  Since  the  cart  itself  will  weigh  about  \  a  ton,  the  total  loads 
are  very  nearly  equal  in  both  cases.  Columns  2  and  3  of  the  follow- 
ing table  are  prepared  on  the  same  principle  as  for  earth,  as  directed 
in  Article  4.  Column  4  is  made  up  by  adding  to  each  amount  in 
column  3,  the  following  items.  For  blasting,  (and  for  everything 
except  those  in  column  3;  loading,  and  repairs  of  cart-road,)  45  cents 
per  cubic  yard,  in  place ;  for  loading,  8  cents,  per  cubic  yard,  in  place ; 
and  for  repairs  of  road,  *2,  or  \  of  a  cent  for  each  100-feet  length  of 
lead.  Contractor's  profit  not  included. 


70 


HARD  ROCK,  BY  CARTS. 

ttbT     1    er  du     o    10  worin    h 


r 

ft- 

fl 

£i 

•5  *• 

E 

§1 

Tf*  . 

£|S 

rfh 

ill 

u 

II  I 

8  «  "5 

il-j 

|1  8 

>>  a 

.si 

slg 

Sga 

111 

**i 

0  «  >> 

*** 

I.sl 

fit 

!li 

|e.g 

1  *  i 

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||| 

i 

i°t 

ij* 

^?t 

«4S 

I-.  g  0 

111 

Hs 
icl 

j 

z 

0 

P 

IjL 

% 

6 

1 

Feet. 

cubic  yds. 

cents. 

cents 

Feet. 

cubic  yds. 

cents. 

cents. 

25 

19-2 

6-61 

59-6 

1800 

5-00 

25-0 

81-6 

50 

18-5 

6-77 

59-9 

1900 

4-80 

26-0 

82-8 

75 

17-8 

7-03 

60-2 

2000 

4-62 

27-1 

84-1 

100 

17-1 

7-29 

60-5 

2250 

4-21 

29-7 

87-2 

150 

16-0 

7-81 

61-1 

2500 

3-87 

32-3 

90-3 

200 

15-0 

8-33 

61-7 

£  mile 

3-70 

33-7 

92-0 

300 

13-3 

9-37 

63-0 

3000 

3-33 

37-5 

96-5 

400 

12-0 

10-4 

64-2 

3250 

3-12 

40-1 

99-6 

500 

10-9 

11-5 

65-5 

3500 

2-92 

42-8 

102-8 

600 

10-0 

12-5 

66-7 

3750 

2-76 

45-3 

105-8 

700 

9-23 

13-6 

68-0 

4000 

2-61 

47-9 

108-9 

800 

8-57 

14-6 

69-2 

4250 

2-47 

50-6 

112-1 

900 

8-00 

15-6 

70-4 

4500 

2-35 

53-2 

115-2 

1000 

7-50 

16-7 

71-7 

4750 

2-24 

55-8 

118-3 

1100 

7-06 

17-7 

72-9 

5000 

2-14 

58-4 

121-4 

1200 

'  6-67 

•18-7 

74-1 

1  mile 

2-04 

61-2 

124-8 

1300 

6-32 

19-8 

75-4 

H 

1-67 

75-0 

141-2 

1400 

6-00 

20-8 

76-6 

11 

1-41 

88-8 

167-6 

1500 

5-71 

21-9 

77-9 

If 

1-22 

102-5 

174-0 

1GOO 

5-45 

22-9 

79-1 

2 

1-08 

!    116-3 

190-4 

1700 

•  5-22 

24-0 

80-4 

2* 

•962 

!     130-0 

206-8 

What  is  called  "loose  rock  "  will  cost  about  30  cts.  per  yard  less 
than  the  prices  in  the  last  two  tables ;  and  even  solid  rock  will  average 
about  10  cts.  per  yard  less  than  the  tabular  prices,  at  the  foregoing 
rates  of  labor ;  the  difference  in  both  cases  being  in  the  item  of  loosen- 
ing alone. 


71 

ARTICLE  16. 

REMOVING  ROCK 
level  track.  Calculations  based  upon  the  following  assumptions.  Trains 
of  10  cars,  each  car  containing  1  cubic  yard  of  rock  measured  in  place. 
Average  speed  of  trains,  including  starting  and  stopping,  but  not 
standing,  10  miles  per  hour  =  5  miles  of  lead  per  hour.  Labor  SI 
per  day  ofjp  working  hours.  Loosening,  45  cts.  per  cubkTyard  in 
place. — fcoading,  8  cts.  per  cubic  yard  in  place.  Cost  of  track,  for 
interest  and  repairs,  $3  per  day  per  mile  of  lead.  The  calculations 
are  the  same,  in  principle,  as  those  in  Art.  13. 

HARD  ROCK,  BY  CARS  AND  LOCOMOTIVE. 

Labor  $1  per  day  of  10  working  hours. 


Length  of  lead,  or  distance  to  which  the  rock 

1 

3 

5 

. 

10 

Number  of  cubic  yards,  in  place,  hauled  per 
day  by  each  train  

2900 

1300 

800 

600 

400 

Cost,  per  cubic  yard  in  place,  for  hauling, 
dumping  and  returning         cents 

6 

1  7 

35 

57 

108 

Total  cost,  per  cubic  yard  in  place,  exclusive 

53.6 

64.7 

565 

58.7 

63.8 

THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


AN  INITIAL  FINE  OF  25  CENTS 

WILL  BE  ASSESSED  FOR  FAILURE  TO  RETURN 
THIS  BOOK  ON  THE  DATE  DUE.  THE  PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  5O  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
DAY  AND  TO  $I.OO  ON  THE  SEVENTH  DAY 
OVERDUE. 


NQV  29  1937 


1943 


Mi 


LD  21-95w-7,'37 


